北半球夏季亚洲—北太平洋间大气质量迁移规律及其与气候异常的联系
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摘要
通过构建海陆间大气质量迁移(MAMLO,Migration of Atmospheric Mass over regions between Lands and Oceans)指数,对北半球夏季亚洲—北太平洋上空大气质量的迁移规律及其与气候异常的联系进行了研究。结果表明:在北半球中高纬亚洲大陆和中低纬北太平洋上空异常大气质量呈现反相变化。夏季MAMLO指数总体呈缓慢下降的趋势,同时还具有准3 a振荡周期以及显著的年代际变化特征。亚洲大陆中高纬地表气压变化与北太平洋低纬气压变化的反相关关系主要归因于:异常大气质量环流;海陆异常加热对比;Rossby波能传播。MAMLO与欧亚、太平洋地区夏季气候异常关系密切,尤其在中国地区。MAMLO为正(负)时,中国大体呈现出北方降水偏多(偏少)南方降水偏少(偏多)、北方偏冷(偏暖)南方偏暖(偏冷)的空间分布。
Using the NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis data for the period of 1979—2014,CMAP( CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation) precipitation data, in situ observational data at 160 stations in China,SST( Sea Surface Temperature) data provided by British Hadley Centre as well as CRU high-resolution surface temperature data by the University of East Anglia, this paper has investigated the migration of atmospheric mass over regions between Asia and North Pacific in boreal summer and its associations with climate anomalies by employing some statistical methods.An index based on surface air pressure anomaly is defined to describe the Migration of Atmospheric Mass over regions between Lands and Oceans( MAMLO) on interannual time-scale.It is found that an anti-phase variation of anomalous atmospheric mass exists between mid-high latitudes in Asia and mid-low latitudes in North Pacific.This anti-phase relation can also be referred to Asia-North Pacific teleconnection pattern( ANPT).The summer MAMLO index varies with a dominant period of three years,a slowly decreasing trend,and distinct interdecadal variations in the study period.The ANPT is formed due to three factors.Firstly, the atmospheric mass fluxes anomalously diverge in lower and converge in upper troposphere in Siberia,and in North Pacific the opposite situations are observed,f orming the anomalous vertical circulation characterized by anomalous downward motion in Asia and upward motion in Pacific,which links surface pressure variations along with horizontal circulation changes between Asia and Pacific.Secondly,MAMLO is mainly dominated by the contrast of anomalous heating between lands and oceans.Water vapor content is higher over the subtropical Pacific than that over eastern Asia,facilitating the atmosphere to absorb surface long wave radiation and solar short wave radiation over oceans more than over Asia continent.The striking contrast of the anomalous atmospheric diabatic heating between Asia and North Pacific is in favor of driving atmospheric mass to exchange between them.Thirdly, the energy dispersion of quasi-stationary Rossby wave also plays an important role in the anomalous loss and accumulation of atmospheric mass.MAMLO is closely related to the summer climate anomalies in Eurasia and Pacific.When the MAMLO index is positive, the precipitation decreases significantly in Siberia, the southern area of Europe and the east coast of China,as opposed to the increase over northern China, the Hawaiian Islands and the south of Gulf of Alaska.At the same time, the temperature increases obviously over the West Siberian Plain and the central and eastern Pacific,along with the anomalous decrease in much of Eurasia,northern China and Northwest Pacific. Further researches by use of observational data over Chinese 160 stations conclusively indicate that correlations of MAMLO with variations of anomalous precipitation and temperature are particularly significant in China.When the MAMLO index is positive( negative),precipitation increases( decreases) and surface temperature decreases( increases)prominently over northern China. Instead, there is a decrease( an increase) in precipitation and an increase( a decrease) in surface temperature over southern China.All the results above are helpful for us to better understand the mechanisms behind circulation changes and the causes of climate anomalies in Eurasia and Pacific during boreal summer and to provide useful clues to prediction of the summer climate anomalies.
Using the NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis data for the period of 1979—2014,CMAP( CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation) precipitation data, in situ observational data at 160 stations in China,SST( Sea Surface Temperature) data provided by British Hadley Centre as well as CRU high-resolution surface temperature data by the University of East Anglia, this paper has investigated the migration of atmospheric mass over regions between Asia and North Pacific in boreal summer and its associations with climate anomalies by employing some statistical methods.An index based on surface air pressure anomaly is defined to describe the Migration of Atmospheric Mass over regions between Lands and Oceans( MAMLO) on interannual time-scale.It is found that an anti-phase variation of anomalous atmospheric mass exists between mid-high latitudes in Asia and mid-low latitudes in North Pacific.This anti-phase relation can also be referred to Asia-North Pacific teleconnection pattern( ANPT).The summer MAMLO index varies with a dominant period of three years,a slowly decreasing trend,and distinct interdecadal variations in the study period.The ANPT is formed due to three factors.Firstly, the atmospheric mass fluxes anomalously diverge in lower and converge in upper troposphere in Siberia,and in North Pacific the opposite situations are observed,f orming the anomalous vertical circulation characterized by anomalous downward motion in Asia and upward motion in Pacific,which links surface pressure variations along with horizontal circulation changes between Asia and Pacific.Secondly,MAMLO is mainly dominated by the contrast of anomalous heating between lands and oceans.Water vapor content is higher over the subtropical Pacific than that over eastern Asia,facilitating the atmosphere to absorb surface long wave radiation and solar short wave radiation over oceans more than over Asia continent.The striking contrast of the anomalous atmospheric diabatic heating between Asia and North Pacific is in favor of driving atmospheric mass to exchange between them.Thirdly, the energy dispersion of quasi-stationary Rossby wave also plays an important role in the anomalous loss and accumulation of atmospheric mass.MAMLO is closely related to the summer climate anomalies in Eurasia and Pacific.When the MAMLO index is positive, the precipitation decreases significantly in Siberia, the southern area of Europe and the east coast of China,as opposed to the increase over northern China, the Hawaiian Islands and the south of Gulf of Alaska.At the same time, the temperature increases obviously over the West Siberian Plain and the central and eastern Pacific,along with the anomalous decrease in much of Eurasia,northern China and Northwest Pacific. Further researches by use of observational data over Chinese 160 stations conclusively indicate that correlations of MAMLO with variations of anomalous precipitation and temperature are particularly significant in China.When the MAMLO index is positive( negative),precipitation increases( decreases) and surface temperature decreases( increases)prominently over northern China. Instead, there is a decrease( an increase) in precipitation and an increase( a decrease) in surface temperature over southern China.All the results above are helpful for us to better understand the mechanisms behind circulation changes and the causes of climate anomalies in Eurasia and Pacific during boreal summer and to provide useful clues to prediction of the summer climate anomalies.
引文
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邓伟涛,孙照渤,倪东鸿,等,2009.NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中北半球夏季海平面气压的年代际变化[J].南京气象学院学报,32(2)239-245.Deng W T,Sun Z B,Ni D H,2009.Interdecadal variation of Northern Hemisphere summer sea level pressure in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data[J].J Nanjing Inst Meteor,32(2):239-245(in Chinese)
Gong D Y,Wang S W,Zhu J H,2001.East Asian winter monsoon and Arctic Oscillation[J].Geophys Res Lett,28:2073-2076.
Guan Z Y,Yamagata T,2001.Interhemispheric oscillations in the surface air pressure field[J].Geophys Res Lett,28(2):263-266.
Guan Z Y,Zhang Q,Li M G,2015.Interannual variations in atmospheric mass over liquid water oceans,continents,and sea-ice-covered arctic regions and their possible impacts on the boreal winter climate[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,120:11846-11861.
Hoskins B J,Karoly D J,1981.The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing[J].J Atmos Sci,38(6)1179-1196.
胡潮,管兆勇,李明刚,2014.北半球大洋与大陆区域间大气质量分布的季节循环[J].中国科学:地球科学,44 (7):1519-1531.Hu C,Guan Z Y,Li M G,2014.The seasonal cycle of redistribution of atmospheric mass between continent and ocean in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Sci China Earth Sci,57(7):1501-1512.(in Chinese)
胡潮,卢楚翰,管兆勇,等,2015 .9个CMIP5模式模拟的大气质量海陆间迁移的季节循环[J].大气科学学报,38(5):588-598.Hu C,Lu C H,Guan Z Y,et al.,2015.Seasonal cycle of atmospheric mass migrations between continents and oceans simulated by nine CMIP5 models[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(5):588-598.(in Chinese)
Jones P D,Moberg A,2003.Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations:An extensive revision and an update to 2001[J].J Climate,16(3):206-223.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Am Meteorol Soc,77:437-471.
Kidson J W,1999.Principal modes of Southern Hemisphere low-frequency variability obtained from NCEP-NCAR reanalyses[J].J Climate,12:2808-2830.
刘屹岷,刘辉,刘平,等,1999.空间非均匀加热对副热带高压带形成和变异的影响.II.陆面感热加热与东太平洋副高[J].气象学报,57:385-396.Liu Y M,Liu H,Liu P,et al.,1999.The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high part II:Land surface sensible heating and east pacific subtropical high[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,57:385-396.(in Chinese).
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Ren R C,2004.Relationship between the subtropical anticyclone and diabatic heating[J].J Climate,17:682-698.
Lorenz E N,1951.Seasonal and irregular variations of the Northern Hemisphere sea-level Pressure profile[J].J Meteor,8:52-9.
卢楚翰,管兆勇,2009.春季大气南北涛动年际变化及其与中国气候的联系[J].自然科学进展,19(5):513-519.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,2009.The interannual variation of atmospheric oscillation between the northern and southern hemisphere in spring and its relation to Chinese climate[J].Prog Nat Sci,19(5):513-519.(in Chinese)
卢楚翰,管兆勇,梅士龙,等,2008.大气质量南北涛动的季节循环[J].科学通报,53(21):2638-2654.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,Mei S L,et al.,2008.The seasonal circulation of atmospheric mass’s oscillation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(21):2638-2654.(in Chinese)
卢楚翰,管兆勇,蔡佳熙,2010 .夏季南北半球际大气质量涛动及其与季风异常的联系[J].中国科学:地球科学,40(6):802-809.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,Cai J X,2010.The oscillation of atmospheric mass between the northern and southern hemisphere in summer and its association with monsoon anomalies[J].Chinese Science:Nature Geoscience,40(6):802-809.(in Chinese).
Luo H B,Yanai M,1984a.The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979.Part II:Heat and moisture budgets Monthly[J].Mon Wea Rev,112:966-989.
Luo H B,Yanai M,1984b.The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979[J].Mon Wea Rev,108:1849-1853.
Rayner N A,Parker D E,Horton E B,et al.,2003.Global analyses of sea surface temperature,sea ice,and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century[J].J Geophys Res,108(D14),4407 .doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Sardeshmukh,Hoskins P B J,1988.The generation of global rotational flow by steady idealized tropical divergence[J].J Atmos Sci,45:1228-1251.
Takaya K,Nakamura H,1997.A formulation of a wave-activity flux for stationary Rossby waves on a zonally varying basic flow[J].Geophys Res Lett,24(23):2985-2988.
Takaya K,Nakamura H,2001.A formulation of a phase-independent wave-activity flux for stationary and migratory quasigeostrophic eddies on a zonally varying basic flow[J].Geophys J Atmos Sci,58(6):608-627.
Thompson D W,2001.Regional climate impacts of Northern Hemisphere annular mode[J].Science,293:85-89.
Thompson D W J,Wallace J M,1998.The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields[J].Geophys Res Lett,25:1279-1300.
Toumi R,Hartell N,Bignell K,1999.Mountain station pressure as an indicator of climate change[J].Geophys Res Lett,26(12):1751-1754.
Trenberth K E,1981.Seasonal variations in global sea level pressure and the total mass of the atmosphere[J].J Geophys Res,86:5238-5246.
Wu G X,Liu Y M,2003.Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated atmospheric circulation[J].Geophys Res Lett,30:1201-1204.
Wu G X,Liu Y M,He B,et al.,2012.Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon[J].Nature_Sci Rep,2:404.
杨鑑初,1956 .北半球大气质量的平均月际变化[J].气象学报,27 (1):37-59.Yang J C,1956.The average monthly variation of atmospheric mass in Northern Hemisphere[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,27(1):37-59.(in Chinese).
张燕,黄菲,宫晓庆,2008.NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中南北半球大气质量交换的特征研究[J].热带气象学报,24(1):74-80.Zhang Y,Huang F,Gong X Q,2008.The characteristics of the air mass exchange between the northern and southern hemisphere[J].J Trop Meteor,24(1):74-80.(in Chinese).
Zhao P,Zhu Y N,Zhang R H,2007.An Asian-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability[J].Clim Dyn,29:293-303.
Christy J R,Trenberth K E,Anderson J R,et al.,1989.Large-scale redistributions of atmospheric Mass[J].J Climate,2:137-148.
邓伟涛,孙照渤,倪东鸿,等,2009.NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中北半球夏季海平面气压的年代际变化[J].南京气象学院学报,32(2)239-245.Deng W T,Sun Z B,Ni D H,2009.Interdecadal variation of Northern Hemisphere summer sea level pressure in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data[J].J Nanjing Inst Meteor,32(2):239-245(in Chinese)
Gong D Y,Wang S W,Zhu J H,2001.East Asian winter monsoon and Arctic Oscillation[J].Geophys Res Lett,28:2073-2076.
Guan Z Y,Yamagata T,2001.Interhemispheric oscillations in the surface air pressure field[J].Geophys Res Lett,28(2):263-266.
Guan Z Y,Zhang Q,Li M G,2015.Interannual variations in atmospheric mass over liquid water oceans,continents,and sea-ice-covered arctic regions and their possible impacts on the boreal winter climate[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,120:11846-11861.
Hoskins B J,Karoly D J,1981.The steady linear response of a spherical atmosphere to thermal and orographic forcing[J].J Atmos Sci,38(6)1179-1196.
胡潮,管兆勇,李明刚,2014.北半球大洋与大陆区域间大气质量分布的季节循环[J].中国科学:地球科学,44 (7):1519-1531.Hu C,Guan Z Y,Li M G,2014.The seasonal cycle of redistribution of atmospheric mass between continent and ocean in the Northern Hemisphere[J].Sci China Earth Sci,57(7):1501-1512.(in Chinese)
胡潮,卢楚翰,管兆勇,等,2015 .9个CMIP5模式模拟的大气质量海陆间迁移的季节循环[J].大气科学学报,38(5):588-598.Hu C,Lu C H,Guan Z Y,et al.,2015.Seasonal cycle of atmospheric mass migrations between continents and oceans simulated by nine CMIP5 models[J].Trans Atmos Sci,38(5):588-598.(in Chinese)
Jones P D,Moberg A,2003.Hemispheric and large-scale surface air temperature variations:An extensive revision and an update to 2001[J].J Climate,16(3):206-223.
Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al.,1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project[J].Bull Am Meteorol Soc,77:437-471.
Kidson J W,1999.Principal modes of Southern Hemisphere low-frequency variability obtained from NCEP-NCAR reanalyses[J].J Climate,12:2808-2830.
刘屹岷,刘辉,刘平,等,1999.空间非均匀加热对副热带高压带形成和变异的影响.II.陆面感热加热与东太平洋副高[J].气象学报,57:385-396.Liu Y M,Liu H,Liu P,et al.,1999.The effect of spatially nonuniform heating on the formation and variation of subtropical high part II:Land surface sensible heating and east pacific subtropical high[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,57:385-396.(in Chinese).
Liu Y M,Wu G X,Ren R C,2004.Relationship between the subtropical anticyclone and diabatic heating[J].J Climate,17:682-698.
Lorenz E N,1951.Seasonal and irregular variations of the Northern Hemisphere sea-level Pressure profile[J].J Meteor,8:52-9.
卢楚翰,管兆勇,2009.春季大气南北涛动年际变化及其与中国气候的联系[J].自然科学进展,19(5):513-519.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,2009.The interannual variation of atmospheric oscillation between the northern and southern hemisphere in spring and its relation to Chinese climate[J].Prog Nat Sci,19(5):513-519.(in Chinese)
卢楚翰,管兆勇,梅士龙,等,2008.大气质量南北涛动的季节循环[J].科学通报,53(21):2638-2654.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,Mei S L,et al.,2008.The seasonal circulation of atmospheric mass’s oscillation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere[J].Chin Sci Bull,53(21):2638-2654.(in Chinese)
卢楚翰,管兆勇,蔡佳熙,2010 .夏季南北半球际大气质量涛动及其与季风异常的联系[J].中国科学:地球科学,40(6):802-809.Lu C H,Guan Z Y,Cai J X,2010.The oscillation of atmospheric mass between the northern and southern hemisphere in summer and its association with monsoon anomalies[J].Chinese Science:Nature Geoscience,40(6):802-809.(in Chinese).
Luo H B,Yanai M,1984a.The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979.Part II:Heat and moisture budgets Monthly[J].Mon Wea Rev,112:966-989.
Luo H B,Yanai M,1984b.The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979[J].Mon Wea Rev,108:1849-1853.
Rayner N A,Parker D E,Horton E B,et al.,2003.Global analyses of sea surface temperature,sea ice,and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century[J].J Geophys Res,108(D14),4407 .doi:10.1029/2002JD002670.
Sardeshmukh,Hoskins P B J,1988.The generation of global rotational flow by steady idealized tropical divergence[J].J Atmos Sci,45:1228-1251.
Takaya K,Nakamura H,1997.A formulation of a wave-activity flux for stationary Rossby waves on a zonally varying basic flow[J].Geophys Res Lett,24(23):2985-2988.
Takaya K,Nakamura H,2001.A formulation of a phase-independent wave-activity flux for stationary and migratory quasigeostrophic eddies on a zonally varying basic flow[J].Geophys J Atmos Sci,58(6):608-627.
Thompson D W,2001.Regional climate impacts of Northern Hemisphere annular mode[J].Science,293:85-89.
Thompson D W J,Wallace J M,1998.The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields[J].Geophys Res Lett,25:1279-1300.
Toumi R,Hartell N,Bignell K,1999.Mountain station pressure as an indicator of climate change[J].Geophys Res Lett,26(12):1751-1754.
Trenberth K E,1981.Seasonal variations in global sea level pressure and the total mass of the atmosphere[J].J Geophys Res,86:5238-5246.
Wu G X,Liu Y M,2003.Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated atmospheric circulation[J].Geophys Res Lett,30:1201-1204.
Wu G X,Liu Y M,He B,et al.,2012.Thermal controls on the Asian summer monsoon[J].Nature_Sci Rep,2:404.
杨鑑初,1956 .北半球大气质量的平均月际变化[J].气象学报,27 (1):37-59.Yang J C,1956.The average monthly variation of atmospheric mass in Northern Hemisphere[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,27(1):37-59.(in Chinese).
张燕,黄菲,宫晓庆,2008.NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中南北半球大气质量交换的特征研究[J].热带气象学报,24(1):74-80.Zhang Y,Huang F,Gong X Q,2008.The characteristics of the air mass exchange between the northern and southern hemisphere[J].J Trop Meteor,24(1):74-80.(in Chinese).
Zhao P,Zhu Y N,Zhang R H,2007.An Asian-Pacific teleconnection in summer tropospheric temperature and associated Asian climate variability[J].Clim Dyn,29:293-303.