喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式对土壤重金属的影响
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摘要
为探明喀斯特山区土地利用方式对土壤重金属的影响,以贵州喀斯特山区林地、天然草地、人工草地、耕地和弃耕地为研究对象,研究不同土地利用方式对土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Hg、As)的含量、分布特征等的影响,并进行污染评价。结果表明:在不同土地利用方式土壤剖面中,Cd和Pb均呈表层富集,Cr、Ni、Hg在林地、天然草地、耕地中层富集,As呈均匀分布;在各土层不同利用方式中,土壤重金属的分布无明显规律;Cd与Pb,Pb和As来源相同,pH与Ni呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Pb、As呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);阳离子交换量CEC与Cd、Pb、As呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Ni、Hg呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与Cr呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害的评价结果综合表明,贵州喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式的6种土壤重金属元素均主要来源成土母质,除了Cd外,其它5种元素均未对土壤造成污染;人工草地和弃耕地为中度污染,林地、耕地、天然草地为轻度污染,主要是由喀斯特山区特殊的地质环境造成的Cd的背景值高引起的污染;5种土地利用方式均为轻度生态危害。土壤Cd污染需要引起注意,研究区土壤偏酸性,可考虑植物修复将重金属移除土壤。
In order to explore the effects of land uses on soil heavy metals in Karst mountain area of Guizhou Province,China.Field experiment combined with laboratory analyses were conducted in five different land use types including forestland,artificial grassland,natural grassland,cropland,and abandoned farmland.The effects of different land use types on the content and distribution of six heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni,Hg,As)in soil of three different depth(0-10 cm,10-30 cm,30-50 cm)were studied,at the same time we also evaluated their pollution risk.The results showed that Cd and Pb were surface enriched for all land use types,As was evenly distributed for all land use types,and Cr,Ni and Hg were enriched in the middle layer for three(forestland,natural grassland and cropland)land use types.For the distribution of heavy metals in different land use types,there were any obvious trend.The heavy metals Cd and Pb came from the same source,and Pb and As also had a similar resource.pH had a significant positive correlation with Ni(P <0.01),and a significant negative correlation with Pb and As(P<0.01).The cation exchange capacity CEC had a significant positive correlation with Cd,Pb and As(P<0.01),a significant negative correlation with Ni and Hg(P<0.01)and a significant negative correlation with Cr(P<0.05).The comprehensive evaluation of Nemerow composite index,geoaccumulation indexand potential ecological risk index results indicated,all the heavy metals,but Cd,in different land use types were from parent material and did not cause pollution.The artificial grassland and abandoned farmland were moderately polluted,the forestland and natural grassland and cropland were mildly polluted.The pollution was mainly caused by the high background value of Cd,which caused by the special geological environment of karst mountainous area.And all the five land use types had light ecological risk.Local policy makers should pay more attention to the soil Cd pollution in the Karst mountain area of Guizhou Province.The soil in the study area is acidic,and phytoremediation technology can be considered to restoration the Cd contaminated soils.
In order to explore the effects of land uses on soil heavy metals in Karst mountain area of Guizhou Province,China.Field experiment combined with laboratory analyses were conducted in five different land use types including forestland,artificial grassland,natural grassland,cropland,and abandoned farmland.The effects of different land use types on the content and distribution of six heavy metals(Cd,Cr,Pb,Ni,Hg,As)in soil of three different depth(0-10 cm,10-30 cm,30-50 cm)were studied,at the same time we also evaluated their pollution risk.The results showed that Cd and Pb were surface enriched for all land use types,As was evenly distributed for all land use types,and Cr,Ni and Hg were enriched in the middle layer for three(forestland,natural grassland and cropland)land use types.For the distribution of heavy metals in different land use types,there were any obvious trend.The heavy metals Cd and Pb came from the same source,and Pb and As also had a similar resource.pH had a significant positive correlation with Ni(P <0.01),and a significant negative correlation with Pb and As(P<0.01).The cation exchange capacity CEC had a significant positive correlation with Cd,Pb and As(P<0.01),a significant negative correlation with Ni and Hg(P<0.01)and a significant negative correlation with Cr(P<0.05).The comprehensive evaluation of Nemerow composite index,geoaccumulation indexand potential ecological risk index results indicated,all the heavy metals,but Cd,in different land use types were from parent material and did not cause pollution.The artificial grassland and abandoned farmland were moderately polluted,the forestland and natural grassland and cropland were mildly polluted.The pollution was mainly caused by the high background value of Cd,which caused by the special geological environment of karst mountainous area.And all the five land use types had light ecological risk.Local policy makers should pay more attention to the soil Cd pollution in the Karst mountain area of Guizhou Province.The soil in the study area is acidic,and phytoremediation technology can be considered to restoration the Cd contaminated soils.
引文
[1]周萍,文安邦,史忠林,等.三峡库区不同土地利用土壤重金属分布特征与污染评价[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(7):207-213.
[2]CHRASTNY V,KOMAREK M,PROCHAZKA J,et al.50years of different landscape management influencing retention of metals in soils[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,115(2):59-68.
[3]靳治国,施婉君,高扬,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属分布规律及其生物活性变化[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):74-77,96.
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[5]邵云,郝真真,王文斐,等.土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术研究进展[J].北方园艺,2016(17):193-196.
[6]郭观林.东北黑土重金属污染发生机理及健康动力学研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(沈阳应用生态研究所),2006.
[7]陈小敏,朱保虎,杨文,等.密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属空间分布、来源及污染评价[J].环境化学,2015,34(12):2248-2256.
[8]王月容,卢琦,周金星,等.洞庭湖退田还湖区不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属分布特征[J].华中农业大学报,2011,30(6):734-739.
[9]DRAGOVIC S,MIHAILOVIC N,GAJIC B.Heavy metals in soils:Distribution,relationshipwith soil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources[J].Chemosphere,2008,72(3):491.
[10]MICO C,RECATALA L,PERIS M,et al.Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):863-872.
[11]李卫平,王非,杨文焕,等.包头市南海湿地土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(11):1977-1984.
[12]谢婧,吴健生,郑茂坤,等.基于不同土地利用方式的深圳市农用地土壤重金属污染评价[J].生态毒理学报,2010,5(2):202-207.
[13]罗慧,刘秀明,王世杰,等.中国南方喀斯特集中分布区土壤Cd污染特征及来源[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(5):1538-1544.
[14]LIU Y,XIAO T,NING Z,et al.High cadmium concentration in soil in the three Gorges region:Geogenic source and potential bioavailability[J].Applied Geochemistry,2013,37(Complete):149-156.
[15]WANG S J,LIU Q M,ZHANG D F.Karst rocky desertification in Southwestern China:Geomorphology,landuse,impact and rehabilitation[J].Land Degradation and Development,2004,15(2):115-121.
[16]HUANG Q,CAI Y,XING X.Rocky desertification,antidesertification,and sustainable development in the Karst mountain region of Southwest China[J].Ambio,2008,37(5):390-392.
[17]黄敏,杨海舟,余萃,等.武汉市土壤重金属积累特征及其污染评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):135-139.
[18]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[19]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[20]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[21]MENCH M J,FARGUES S.Metal uptake by iron-efficient and inefficient oats[J].Plant and Soil,1994,165(2):227-233.
[22]张敏,谢运球,蔡五田,等.西南岩溶区生态系统良性循环的土壤镉隐患[J].江苏农业科学,2010(1):295-297.
[23]曹勤英,黄志宏.污染土壤重金属形态分析及其影响因素研究进展[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):222-232.
[24]KASHEM M A,SINGH B R.Metal availability in contaminated soils.II.Uptake of Cd,Ni and Zn in rice plants grown under flooded culture with organic matter addition[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,61(3):257-266.
[25]BOLAN N S,ADRIANO D C,DURAISAMY P M,et al.Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils.I.Effect of phosphate addition[J].Plant and Soil,2003,250(1):83-94.
[26]殷丽萍,张博,李昂,等.土壤酸碱度对重金属在土壤中行为的影响[J].辽宁化工,2014(7):865-867.
[27]CAPUANA M.Heavy metals and woody plantsbiotechnologies for phytoremediation[J].Forest Biogeosciences&Forestry,2011,4(1):7-15.
[28]WANG Q,XIONG D,ZHAO P,et al.Effect of applying an arsenic-resistant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium to enhance soil arsenic phytoremediation by Populus deltoides LH05-17[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2011,111(5):1065-1074.
[29]宋凤敏.汉中地区不同土壤阳离子交换容量的测定及分析[J].江西化工,2011(7):52-54.
[30]郭鹏然,段太成,刘欣丽,等.粘粒和阳离子交换量对土壤中钍形态分布的影响[J].环境化学,2009,28(1):76-79.
[31]胡红青,陈松,李妍,等.几种土壤的基本理化性质与Cu2+吸附的关系[J].生态环境,2004(4):544-545,548.
[32]蔡奎,张蒨,吴云霞,等.河北平原农田土壤重金属形态分布特征及控制因素研究[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(2):155-168.
[33]RODRIGUEZ J A,NANOS N,GAU J M,et al.Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(6):1085-1096.
[34]孔祥宇,黄国培,程天金,等.贵州省稻田土壤重金属分布特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2018,37(6):1084-1091.
[35]杨洁,瞿攀,王金生,等.土壤中重金属的生物有效性分析方法及其影响因素综述[J].环境污染与防治,2017,39(2):217-223.
[36]于立红,王鹏,于立河,等.地膜中重金属对土壤-大豆系统污染的试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(3):86-90.
[37]尹国庆,江宏,王强,等.安徽省典型区农用地土壤重金属污染成因及特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):96-104.
[38]秦先燕,李运怀,孙跃,等.环巢湖典型农业区土壤重金属来源解析[J].地球与环境,2017,5(4):455-463.
[39]QUEZADA-HINOJOSA R P,MATERA V,ADATTE T,et al.Cadmium distribution in soils covering Jurassic oolitic limestone with high Cd contents in the Swiss Jura[J].Geo-derma,2009,150(3-4):287-301.
[40]RAMBEAU C M C,BAIZE D,SABY N,et al.High cadmium concentrations in Jurassic limestone as the cause for elevated cadmium levels in deriving soils:A case study in Lower Burgundy,France[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,61(8):1573-1585.
[41]代文雯.重金属对玉米生长发育及生理生化特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017.
[42]孙芳立,张金恒,孙永红,等.重金属Cd、Cu、Zn在小麦全生育期中的富集规律[J].青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(5):34-41.
[43]ZHENG R,ZHAO J L,ZHOU X,et al.Land use effects on the distribution and speciation of heavy metals and arsenic in coastal soils on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Pedosphere,2016,26(1):74-84.
[44]王鑫.绵竹玉泉镇农田土壤镉污染评价及生态效应研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2012.
[2]CHRASTNY V,KOMAREK M,PROCHAZKA J,et al.50years of different landscape management influencing retention of metals in soils[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,115(2):59-68.
[3]靳治国,施婉君,高扬,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属分布规律及其生物活性变化[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):74-77,96.
[4]周启星.生态修复[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.
[5]邵云,郝真真,王文斐,等.土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术研究进展[J].北方园艺,2016(17):193-196.
[6]郭观林.东北黑土重金属污染发生机理及健康动力学研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院(沈阳应用生态研究所),2006.
[7]陈小敏,朱保虎,杨文,等.密云水库上游金矿区土壤重金属空间分布、来源及污染评价[J].环境化学,2015,34(12):2248-2256.
[8]王月容,卢琦,周金星,等.洞庭湖退田还湖区不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属分布特征[J].华中农业大学报,2011,30(6):734-739.
[9]DRAGOVIC S,MIHAILOVIC N,GAJIC B.Heavy metals in soils:Distribution,relationshipwith soil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources[J].Chemosphere,2008,72(3):491.
[10]MICO C,RECATALA L,PERIS M,et al.Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis[J].Chemosphere,2006,65(5):863-872.
[11]李卫平,王非,杨文焕,等.包头市南海湿地土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(11):1977-1984.
[12]谢婧,吴健生,郑茂坤,等.基于不同土地利用方式的深圳市农用地土壤重金属污染评价[J].生态毒理学报,2010,5(2):202-207.
[13]罗慧,刘秀明,王世杰,等.中国南方喀斯特集中分布区土壤Cd污染特征及来源[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(5):1538-1544.
[14]LIU Y,XIAO T,NING Z,et al.High cadmium concentration in soil in the three Gorges region:Geogenic source and potential bioavailability[J].Applied Geochemistry,2013,37(Complete):149-156.
[15]WANG S J,LIU Q M,ZHANG D F.Karst rocky desertification in Southwestern China:Geomorphology,landuse,impact and rehabilitation[J].Land Degradation and Development,2004,15(2):115-121.
[16]HUANG Q,CAI Y,XING X.Rocky desertification,antidesertification,and sustainable development in the Karst mountain region of Southwest China[J].Ambio,2008,37(5):390-392.
[17]黄敏,杨海舟,余萃,等.武汉市土壤重金属积累特征及其污染评价[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):135-139.
[18]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[19]HAKANSON L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[20]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[21]MENCH M J,FARGUES S.Metal uptake by iron-efficient and inefficient oats[J].Plant and Soil,1994,165(2):227-233.
[22]张敏,谢运球,蔡五田,等.西南岩溶区生态系统良性循环的土壤镉隐患[J].江苏农业科学,2010(1):295-297.
[23]曹勤英,黄志宏.污染土壤重金属形态分析及其影响因素研究进展[J].生态科学,2017,36(6):222-232.
[24]KASHEM M A,SINGH B R.Metal availability in contaminated soils.II.Uptake of Cd,Ni and Zn in rice plants grown under flooded culture with organic matter addition[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,61(3):257-266.
[25]BOLAN N S,ADRIANO D C,DURAISAMY P M,et al.Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils.I.Effect of phosphate addition[J].Plant and Soil,2003,250(1):83-94.
[26]殷丽萍,张博,李昂,等.土壤酸碱度对重金属在土壤中行为的影响[J].辽宁化工,2014(7):865-867.
[27]CAPUANA M.Heavy metals and woody plantsbiotechnologies for phytoremediation[J].Forest Biogeosciences&Forestry,2011,4(1):7-15.
[28]WANG Q,XIONG D,ZHAO P,et al.Effect of applying an arsenic-resistant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium to enhance soil arsenic phytoremediation by Populus deltoides LH05-17[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2011,111(5):1065-1074.
[29]宋凤敏.汉中地区不同土壤阳离子交换容量的测定及分析[J].江西化工,2011(7):52-54.
[30]郭鹏然,段太成,刘欣丽,等.粘粒和阳离子交换量对土壤中钍形态分布的影响[J].环境化学,2009,28(1):76-79.
[31]胡红青,陈松,李妍,等.几种土壤的基本理化性质与Cu2+吸附的关系[J].生态环境,2004(4):544-545,548.
[32]蔡奎,张蒨,吴云霞,等.河北平原农田土壤重金属形态分布特征及控制因素研究[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(2):155-168.
[33]RODRIGUEZ J A,NANOS N,GAU J M,et al.Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(6):1085-1096.
[34]孔祥宇,黄国培,程天金,等.贵州省稻田土壤重金属分布特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2018,37(6):1084-1091.
[35]杨洁,瞿攀,王金生,等.土壤中重金属的生物有效性分析方法及其影响因素综述[J].环境污染与防治,2017,39(2):217-223.
[36]于立红,王鹏,于立河,等.地膜中重金属对土壤-大豆系统污染的试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(3):86-90.
[37]尹国庆,江宏,王强,等.安徽省典型区农用地土壤重金属污染成因及特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2018,37(1):96-104.
[38]秦先燕,李运怀,孙跃,等.环巢湖典型农业区土壤重金属来源解析[J].地球与环境,2017,5(4):455-463.
[39]QUEZADA-HINOJOSA R P,MATERA V,ADATTE T,et al.Cadmium distribution in soils covering Jurassic oolitic limestone with high Cd contents in the Swiss Jura[J].Geo-derma,2009,150(3-4):287-301.
[40]RAMBEAU C M C,BAIZE D,SABY N,et al.High cadmium concentrations in Jurassic limestone as the cause for elevated cadmium levels in deriving soils:A case study in Lower Burgundy,France[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,61(8):1573-1585.
[41]代文雯.重金属对玉米生长发育及生理生化特性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017.
[42]孙芳立,张金恒,孙永红,等.重金属Cd、Cu、Zn在小麦全生育期中的富集规律[J].青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版),2018,39(5):34-41.
[43]ZHENG R,ZHAO J L,ZHOU X,et al.Land use effects on the distribution and speciation of heavy metals and arsenic in coastal soils on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Estuary,China[J].Pedosphere,2016,26(1):74-84.
[44]王鑫.绵竹玉泉镇农田土壤镉污染评价及生态效应研究[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2012.