基础地理知识服务的基本问题与研究方向
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摘要
基础地理数据具有空间载体和知识存量两大作用。以往人们主要关注其空间载体作用,研发和提供了丰富多样的基础地理数据服务与信息服务,但对其知识存量挖掘不够,提供的地理空间知识服务极少。近年来,"数据海量,信息爆炸,知识难求"现象愈加突出,从地理数据信息服务走向知识服务势在必行,已成为测绘科技转型升级的一项重要任务。借鉴知识图谱的最新研究进展,讨论了基础地理数据、信息和知识的基本内涵,提出了以结构化和关联化为重要特征的基础地理知识服务总体思路,分析了由此带来的4方面问题;继而从领域知识体系构建、关键技术、应用服务3个方面讨论了基础地理知识服务的研究方向与重点;以GlobeLand30知识服务为例,介绍了初步研究进展。
Geospatial data has two important roles, that is, serving as the geospatial reference and using as a source of geographic knowledge. In the past years, its former role has been extensively investigated which leads to in-depth development and wide application of a number of geospatial data and information service. However, mining or extracting knowledge from geospatial data has not been well explored and few geospatial knowledge services are provided to the users. "Massive information, explosive information and rare knowle-dge" becomes one of the major challenges facing the geospatial societies, and more efforts should be devoted to moving from traditional geospatial data/information service to knowledge service. Firstly, this paper has reviewed the latest development of Knowledge Graph and discussed differences among geospatial data, information and knowledge. Secondly, a conceptual framework is proposed for geospatial knowledge service, which is characterized by structuring building and data linking. Four special requirements for building the geospatial knowledge service are identified. A research agenda is then proposed, including building domain knowledge graph, technological innovation, and developing operational service systems. Finally, the preliminary results of GlobeLand30 knowledge service system is briefly introduced.
Geospatial data has two important roles, that is, serving as the geospatial reference and using as a source of geographic knowledge. In the past years, its former role has been extensively investigated which leads to in-depth development and wide application of a number of geospatial data and information service. However, mining or extracting knowledge from geospatial data has not been well explored and few geospatial knowledge services are provided to the users. "Massive information, explosive information and rare knowle-dge" becomes one of the major challenges facing the geospatial societies, and more efforts should be devoted to moving from traditional geospatial data/information service to knowledge service. Firstly, this paper has reviewed the latest development of Knowledge Graph and discussed differences among geospatial data, information and knowledge. Secondly, a conceptual framework is proposed for geospatial knowledge service, which is characterized by structuring building and data linking. Four special requirements for building the geospatial knowledge service are identified. A research agenda is then proposed, including building domain knowledge graph, technological innovation, and developing operational service systems. Finally, the preliminary results of GlobeLand30 knowledge service system is briefly introduced.
引文
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[20] Zhuang Yueting, Wu Fei, Chen Chun, et al. Challenges and Opportunities: From Big Data to Knowledge in AI 2.0[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 3-14
[21] Rong Juntao. Research on In-Depth Ordering Mecha- nism of Knowledge Organization Based on Linked Data[J]. Library and Information Service, 2015 (13): 134-141(戎军涛. 基于关联数据的知识组织深度序化机制研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2015 (13): 134-141)
[22] He Zhanjun, Deng Min, Cai Jiannan, et al. A Context-Based Association Rules Mining Method for Multiple Event Sequences[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(5): 766-772(何占军, 邓敏, 蔡建南, 等. 顾及背景知识的多事件序列关联规则挖掘方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2018, 43(5): 766-772)
[23] Gu Haiyan, Li Haitao, Yan Li, et al. A Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Methodology Based on Geo-ontology[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(1): 31-36(顾海燕, 李海涛, 闫利, 等. 地理本体驱动的遥感影像面向对象分析方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2018, 43(1): 31-36)
[24] Wu Fei, Zhuang Yueting. Cross Media Analysis and Retrieval on the Web: Theory and Algorithm[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2010, 22(1): 1-9(吴飞, 庄越挺. 互联网跨媒体分析与检索: 理论与算法[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2010, 22(1): 1-9)
[25] Li Deren, Zhang Liangpei, Xia Guisong. Automatic Analysis and Mining of Remote Sensing Big Data[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(12):1 211-1 216(李德仁, 张良培, 夏桂松. 遥感大数据自动分析与数据挖掘[J].测绘学报, 2014, 43(12): 1 211-1 216)
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[2] Chen Jun, Wang Donghua, Shang Yaolin, et al. Master Design and Technical Development for National 1∶50 000 Topographic Database Updating Engineering in China[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2010, 39(1): 7-10(陈军,王东华,商瑶琳,等.国家1∶5万数据库更新工程总体设计研究与技术创新[J].测绘学报, 2010, 39(1):7-10)
[3] Wang Donghua, Liu Jianjun. Key Techniques for Dynamic Updating of National Fundamental Geographic Information Database[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(7): 822-825(王东华, 刘建军. 国家基础地理信息数据库动态更新总体技术[J].测绘学报,2015, 44(7): 822-825)
[4] Chen Jun,Wu Hao,Li Songnian. Research Progress on Global Land Domain Service Computing: Take GlobeLand30 as an Example[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10):1 526-1 533(陈军, 武昊, 李松年. 全球地表覆盖领域服务计算的研究进展——以GlobeLand30为例[J].测绘学报, 2017, 46(10):1 526-1 533)
[5] Chen Jun, Liao Anping, Chen Jin, et al. 30-Meter Global Land Cover Data Product—GlobeLand30 [J]. Geomatics World, 2017, 24(1): 1-8(陈军, 廖安平, 陈晋, 等. 全球30 m地表覆盖遥感数据产品—GlobeLand30[J]. 地理信息世界,2017,24(1): 1-8)
[6] Jiang Jie, Wu Huayi, Huang Wei. Key Techniques and Project Practice for Establishing National Geo-information Service Platform “Tianditu”[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1 665-1 671(蒋捷, 吴华意, 黄蔚. 国家地理信息公共服务平台“天地图”的关键技术与工程实践[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1 665-1 671)
[7] Ning Jinsheng, Wang Zhengtao. Transformation and Upgrading Development of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation Technology[J]. Geospatial Information, 2016,14(2): 1-5(宁津生, 王正涛. 测绘与地理信息科技转型升级发展[J]. 地理空间信息, 2016,14(2):1-5)
[8] Laurini R. A Conceptual Framework for Geographic Knowledge Engineering[J]. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 2014, 25(1): 2-19
[9] Li Deren. From Geomatics to Geospatial Intelligent Service Science[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1 207-1 212(李德仁. 从测绘学到地球空间信息智能服务科学[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10): 1 207-1 212)
[10] Vockner B, Richter A, Mittlb?ck M. From Geoportals to Geographic Knowledge Portals[J]. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2013, 2(2): 256-275
[11] Gong Jianya, Geng Jing, Wu Huayi. Geospatial Knowledge Service: A Review[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2014, 39(8): 883-890(龚健雅, 耿晶, 吴华意. 地理空间知识服务概论[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2014, 39(8): 883-890)
[12] Jiang Jingchao, Yu Jie, Qin Chengzhi, et al. A Knowledge-Driven Method for Intelligent Setting of Parameters in Hydrological Modeling[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2017, 42(4): 525-530(江净超, 余洁, 秦承志, 等. 知识驱动下的水文模型参数智能化设置方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2017, 42(4): 525-530)
[13] Lin Hui, You Lan. A Tentative Study on Knowle- dge Engineering for Virtual Geographic Environments[J].Journal of Geo-information Science, 2015, 17(12):1 423-1 430(林珲, 游兰. 虚拟地理环境知识工程初探[J].地球信息科学学报, 2015, 17(12):1 423-1 430)
[14] Lu Feng, Yu Li, Qiu Peiyuan. On Geographic Knowledge Graph[J]. Journal of Geo- information Science, 2017, 19(6): 723-734 (陆锋, 余丽, 仇培元. 论地理知识图谱[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2017, 19(6): 723-734)
[15] Lu Feng, Zhang Hengcai. Big Data and Generalized GIS[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2014, 39(6):645-654(陆锋, 张恒才. 大数据与广义GIS[J].武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2014, 39(6): 645-654)
[16] Yuan Guoming, Li Hongqi, Fan bo. Survey on Development of Knowledge Engineering System[J].Computing Technology and Automation, 2011, 30(1):138-143(袁国铭, 李洪奇, 樊波.关于知识工程的发展综述[J]. 计算技术与自动化, 2011, 30(1):138-143)
[17] Dong X, Gabrilovich E, Heitz G, et al. Knowledge Vault: A Web-scale Approach to Probabilistic Knowledge Fusion[C]. The 20th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, New York, USA,2014
[18] Liu Qiao, Li Yang, Duan Hong, et al. Knowledge Graph Construction Techniques[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2016, 53(3):582-600(刘峤, 李杨, 段宏,等. 知识图谱构建技术综述[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2016, 53(3):582-600)
[19] Xu Zenglin, Sheng Yongpan, He Lirong, et al. Review on Knowledge Graph Techniques[J]. Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2016, 45(4): 589-606(徐增林, 盛泳潘, 贺丽荣, 等. 知识图谱技术综述[J].电子科技大学学报自然版, 2016, 45(4): 589-606)
[20] Zhuang Yueting, Wu Fei, Chen Chun, et al. Challenges and Opportunities: From Big Data to Knowledge in AI 2.0[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2017, 18(1): 3-14
[21] Rong Juntao. Research on In-Depth Ordering Mecha- nism of Knowledge Organization Based on Linked Data[J]. Library and Information Service, 2015 (13): 134-141(戎军涛. 基于关联数据的知识组织深度序化机制研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2015 (13): 134-141)
[22] He Zhanjun, Deng Min, Cai Jiannan, et al. A Context-Based Association Rules Mining Method for Multiple Event Sequences[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(5): 766-772(何占军, 邓敏, 蔡建南, 等. 顾及背景知识的多事件序列关联规则挖掘方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2018, 43(5): 766-772)
[23] Gu Haiyan, Li Haitao, Yan Li, et al. A Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Methodology Based on Geo-ontology[J]. Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 2018, 43(1): 31-36(顾海燕, 李海涛, 闫利, 等. 地理本体驱动的遥感影像面向对象分析方法[J]. 武汉大学学报·信息科学版, 2018, 43(1): 31-36)
[24] Wu Fei, Zhuang Yueting. Cross Media Analysis and Retrieval on the Web: Theory and Algorithm[J]. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics, 2010, 22(1): 1-9(吴飞, 庄越挺. 互联网跨媒体分析与检索: 理论与算法[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2010, 22(1): 1-9)
[25] Li Deren, Zhang Liangpei, Xia Guisong. Automatic Analysis and Mining of Remote Sensing Big Data[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2014,43(12):1 211-1 216(李德仁, 张良培, 夏桂松. 遥感大数据自动分析与数据挖掘[J].测绘学报, 2014, 43(12): 1 211-1 216)
[26] Wang Jiayao. Cartography in the Age of Spatio-Temporal Big Data[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2017,46(10):1 226-1 237(王家耀.时空大数据时代的地图学[J].测绘学报, 2017, 46(10):1 226-1 237)
[27] Guan Saiping, Jin Xiaolong, Jia Yantao, et al. Knowledge Graph Oriented Knowledge Inference Methods: A Survey[J]. Journal of Software, 2018,29(10):1-29(官赛萍,靳小龙,贾岩涛,等.面向知识图谱的知识推理研究进展.软件学报,2018,29(10):1-29)
[28] Meng Liqiu. The Constancy and Volatility in Cartography[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2017, 46(10): 1 637-1 644(孟立秋. 地图学的恒常性和易变性[J]. 测绘学报, 2017, 46(10):1 637-1 644)
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