关于中美贸易摩擦的理论思考
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摘要
与贸易保护主义通常发生在经济萧条时期不同,美国是在当前经济表现总体不错的情况下挑起对中国等多国的贸易摩擦的,其原因在于全球化利益分配的失衡。在以要素分工为主要特征的经济全球化条件下,一方面,从静态利益角度看,虽然美国凭借技术等优势占据了价值链高端,获取了以增加值等为表现的大部分利益,但在促进产业和经济发展等动态利益方面发生了更加有利于发展中国家的新变化,从而对美国主导的缺乏包容性的国际经济治理体系产生了冲击;另一方面,在要素分工条件下,资本主义基本矛盾在美国等发达国家呈现出新形式,突出表现为传统的诸如劳资之间"剥削"与"被剥削"的利益分配失衡关系,进一步演变为"遗弃"和"被遗弃"的关系。在国内制度缺陷凸显、治理能力滞后的条件下,转嫁因内部利益分配失衡而激化的矛盾,归咎于外部因素,采取逆全球化的贸易保护主义政策,成为特朗普政府的政治选择。要走出"逆全球化"的困境,不仅要构建更具包容性的全球治理体系和规则,同时还要各国进一步加快国内改革,为实现包容性发展提供制度保障。
Unlike trade protectionism that usually occurs during the economic depression,the United States has provoked trade friction with China and other countries under the overall good economic performance. The reason lies in the imbalance in the distribution of benefits of globalization. Under the current economic globalization characterized by factor division of labor,on the one hand,from the standpoint of static interests,although the United States occupies the high end of the value chain by virtue of technology and other advantages and obtains most of the benefits represented by value added,there are new changes in promoting dynamic interests such as industrial and economic development which are more advantageous for developing countries. These changes have impacted on the lack of inclusive international economic governance system dominated by the United States. On the other hand,under the condition of factor division of labor,the basic contradictions of capitalism have taken on new forms in developed countries such as the United States,which highlights the relationship between traditional labor and capital of"exploitation"and"being exploited". The imbalance of interest distribution has further evolved into the relationship between"abandonment"and"being abandoned". With the prominent defects of domestic system and the lagging governance ability,Trump government has chosen to shift the contradiction intensified by the imbalance of internal interest distribution onto external factors and adopt the anti-globalization trade protectionist policy. To get out of the predicament of"anti-globalization",we should not only build a more inclusive global governance system and rules,but also accelerate domestic reforms to provide institutional guarantee for inclusive development.
Unlike trade protectionism that usually occurs during the economic depression,the United States has provoked trade friction with China and other countries under the overall good economic performance. The reason lies in the imbalance in the distribution of benefits of globalization. Under the current economic globalization characterized by factor division of labor,on the one hand,from the standpoint of static interests,although the United States occupies the high end of the value chain by virtue of technology and other advantages and obtains most of the benefits represented by value added,there are new changes in promoting dynamic interests such as industrial and economic development which are more advantageous for developing countries. These changes have impacted on the lack of inclusive international economic governance system dominated by the United States. On the other hand,under the condition of factor division of labor,the basic contradictions of capitalism have taken on new forms in developed countries such as the United States,which highlights the relationship between traditional labor and capital of"exploitation"and"being exploited". The imbalance of interest distribution has further evolved into the relationship between"abandonment"and"being abandoned". With the prominent defects of domestic system and the lagging governance ability,Trump government has chosen to shift the contradiction intensified by the imbalance of internal interest distribution onto external factors and adopt the anti-globalization trade protectionist policy. To get out of the predicament of"anti-globalization",we should not only build a more inclusive global governance system and rules,but also accelerate domestic reforms to provide institutional guarantee for inclusive development.
引文
(1)戴翔、张二震、王原雪:《特朗普贸易战的基本逻辑、本质及其应对》,载《南京社会科学》2018年第4期;蔡昉:《经济全球化潮流不可阻挡》,载《人民日报》,2018-09-12。
(2)方勇、戴翔、张二震:《要素分工论》,载《江海学刊》2012年第4期。
(1)张幼文:《中国四十年开放型发展道路》,载《学术月刊》2018年第10期。
(1)习近平:《在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十八届五中全会精神专题研讨班上的讲话》,载《人民日报》,2016-05-10。
(2)钟轩理:《不畏浮云遮望眼》,载《人民日报》,2018-10-12。
(3)戴翔、张二震:《“人类命运共同体”理念引领下的新时代经济全球化》,载《江苏行政学院学报》2018年第1期。
(4)习近平:《共担时代责任共促全球发展》,载《人民日报》,2017-01-18。
(5)邢予青、Neal Detert.:《国际分工与美中贸易逆差:以iP hone为例》,载《金融研究》2011年第3期;D.Pablo,Amit K.Khandelwal.Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(3):1113-1180。
(6)张二震:《条件具备,战略正确,全球化对发展中国家更有利》,载《世界经济研究》2018年第3期。
(1)R.W.Koopman,Powers Z.Wang,S.-J.Wei.Give Credit Where Credit Is Due:Tracing Value Added in Global Productionchains.NBER Working Paper 16426,2010;张杰、陈志远、刘元春:《中国出口国内附加值的测算与变化机制》,载《经济研究》2013年第10期;罗长远、张军:《附加值贸易:基于中国的实证分析》,载《经济研究》2014年第6期。
(2)金碚:《全球竞争新格局与中国产业发展趋势》,载《中国工业经济》2012年第5期。
(1)任理轩:《逆全球化违背时代潮流》,载《人民日报》,2018-10-17。
(1)习近平:《在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十八届五中全会精神专题研讨班上的讲话》,载《人民日报》,2016-05-10。
(2)习近平:《共同构建人类命运共同体》,载《人民日报》,2017-01-20。
(3)习近平:《决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利》,载《人民日报》,2017-10-28。
(4)姚洋:《中性政府:对转型期中国经济成功的一个解释》,载《经济评论》2009年第3期。
(5)参见[美]德隆·阿西莫格鲁、[美]詹姆斯·罗宾逊:《国家为什么会失败》,李增刚译,湖南科学技术出版社2015年版。
(6)金碚:《论经济全球化3.0时代---兼论“一带一路”的互通观念》,载《中国工业经济》2016年第1期。
(2)方勇、戴翔、张二震:《要素分工论》,载《江海学刊》2012年第4期。
(1)张幼文:《中国四十年开放型发展道路》,载《学术月刊》2018年第10期。
(1)习近平:《在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十八届五中全会精神专题研讨班上的讲话》,载《人民日报》,2016-05-10。
(2)钟轩理:《不畏浮云遮望眼》,载《人民日报》,2018-10-12。
(3)戴翔、张二震:《“人类命运共同体”理念引领下的新时代经济全球化》,载《江苏行政学院学报》2018年第1期。
(4)习近平:《共担时代责任共促全球发展》,载《人民日报》,2017-01-18。
(5)邢予青、Neal Detert.:《国际分工与美中贸易逆差:以iP hone为例》,载《金融研究》2011年第3期;D.Pablo,Amit K.Khandelwal.Measuring the Unequal Gains from Trade.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2016,131(3):1113-1180。
(6)张二震:《条件具备,战略正确,全球化对发展中国家更有利》,载《世界经济研究》2018年第3期。
(1)R.W.Koopman,Powers Z.Wang,S.-J.Wei.Give Credit Where Credit Is Due:Tracing Value Added in Global Productionchains.NBER Working Paper 16426,2010;张杰、陈志远、刘元春:《中国出口国内附加值的测算与变化机制》,载《经济研究》2013年第10期;罗长远、张军:《附加值贸易:基于中国的实证分析》,载《经济研究》2014年第6期。
(2)金碚:《全球竞争新格局与中国产业发展趋势》,载《中国工业经济》2012年第5期。
(1)任理轩:《逆全球化违背时代潮流》,载《人民日报》,2018-10-17。
(1)习近平:《在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十八届五中全会精神专题研讨班上的讲话》,载《人民日报》,2016-05-10。
(2)习近平:《共同构建人类命运共同体》,载《人民日报》,2017-01-20。
(3)习近平:《决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利》,载《人民日报》,2017-10-28。
(4)姚洋:《中性政府:对转型期中国经济成功的一个解释》,载《经济评论》2009年第3期。
(5)参见[美]德隆·阿西莫格鲁、[美]詹姆斯·罗宾逊:《国家为什么会失败》,李增刚译,湖南科学技术出版社2015年版。
(6)金碚:《论经济全球化3.0时代---兼论“一带一路”的互通观念》,载《中国工业经济》2016年第1期。
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