城市生态文明建设与新一代劳动力流动——劳动力资源竞争的新视角
|
摘要
中国民众对美好环境的诉求日益强烈,生态文明建设已上升为国家战略决策,而地方政府对加强生态文明建设的认识还有待提高。本文首次从微观个体角度研究城市生态文明建设与劳动力流动的关系,将中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS)与城市生态健康指数数据进行匹配,利用条件Logit模型对两者关系进行实证检验。通过一系列稳健性检验后发现,城市生态健康对吸引劳动力流入有显著促进作用,劳动力倾向于流向生态建设好的城市。从异质性结果看,流动年份较近、教育水平较高、年龄较小、男性和室内工作的流动人群对城市生态环境更敏感;内陆、秦岭淮河以北、大中小型和高工资水平的城市,生态文明建设对劳动力流动决策的作用更明显。最后,本文利用双层随机截距模型对城市生态文明建设影响劳动力流动的内在机制进行分析。结合实证结论与理论分析,本文认为,政府可以通过城市生态文明建设在劳动力资源竞争中开辟一条新途径,为加快经济转型、实现高质量发展储备优质"燃料"。
People's demands for a better environment have become increasingly strong, and the construction of ecological civilization has risen to national strategic decision-making, but local governments' understanding of strengthening ecological civilization construction needs to be improved. For the first time, this paper studies the relationship between urban ecological civilization construction and labor mobility decision-making from the micro-individual perspective, and matches the Chinese Labor Dynamics Survey Data(CLDS) with the urban ecological health index data. The conditional Logit model is used to empirically test the relationship between the two. After a series of robustness tests, the study found that urban ecological health has a significant role in attracting labor inflows, and labor tends to flow to cities with good ecological construction. From the heterogeneity results, the flow years are relatively close, the education level is higher, the age is younger, and the male and indoor working population are more sensitive to the urban ecological environment; The role of urban ecological civilization construction in the inland, north of Qinling-Huaihe, large-medium-small and high-wage levels is more obvious for labor mobility decision-making. Finally, this paper uses the two-layer random intercept model to analyze the internal mechanism of urban ecological civilization construction affecting labor mobility. Combined with empirical conclusions and theoretical analysis, this paper argues that the government can open up a new way in the competition of labor resources through urban ecological civilization construction, and reserve high-quality "fuel" for accelerating economic transformation and achieving high-quality development.
People's demands for a better environment have become increasingly strong, and the construction of ecological civilization has risen to national strategic decision-making, but local governments' understanding of strengthening ecological civilization construction needs to be improved. For the first time, this paper studies the relationship between urban ecological civilization construction and labor mobility decision-making from the micro-individual perspective, and matches the Chinese Labor Dynamics Survey Data(CLDS) with the urban ecological health index data. The conditional Logit model is used to empirically test the relationship between the two. After a series of robustness tests, the study found that urban ecological health has a significant role in attracting labor inflows, and labor tends to flow to cities with good ecological construction. From the heterogeneity results, the flow years are relatively close, the education level is higher, the age is younger, and the male and indoor working population are more sensitive to the urban ecological environment; The role of urban ecological civilization construction in the inland, north of Qinling-Huaihe, large-medium-small and high-wage levels is more obvious for labor mobility decision-making. Finally, this paper uses the two-layer random intercept model to analyze the internal mechanism of urban ecological civilization construction affecting labor mobility. Combined with empirical conclusions and theoretical analysis, this paper argues that the government can open up a new way in the competition of labor resources through urban ecological civilization construction, and reserve high-quality "fuel" for accelerating economic transformation and achieving high-quality development.
引文
[1]蔡昉.中国劳动力市场发育与就业变化[J].经济研究,2007,(7):4-14.
[2]高波,陈健,邹琳华.区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级[J].经济研究,2012,(1):66-79.
[3]郭庆旺,贾俊雪.地方政府间策略互动行为、财政支出竞争与地区经济增长[J].管理世界,2009,(10):17-27.
[4]李佳.空气污染对劳动力供给的影响研究---来自中国的经验证据[J].中国经济问题,2014,(5):67-77.
[5]黎文靖,郑曼妮.空气污染的治理机制及其作用效果---来自地级市的经验数据[J].中国工业经济,2016,(4):93-109.
[6]梁琦,陈强远,王如玉.户籍改革、劳动力流动与城市层级体系优化[J].中国社会科学,2013,(12):36-59.
[7]刘毓芸,徐现祥,肖泽凯.劳动力跨方言流动的倒U型模式[J].经济研究,2015,(10):134-146.
[8]潘静,陈广汉.家庭决策、社会互动与劳动力流动[J].经济评论,2014,(3):40-50.
[9]石庆玲,陈诗一,郭峰.环保部约谈与环境治理:以空气污染为例[J].统计研究,2017,(10):88-97.
[10]石庆玲,郭峰,陈诗一.雾霾治理中的“政治性蓝天”---来自中国地方“两会”的证据[J].中国工业经济,2016,(5):42-58.
[11]汤韵,梁若冰.中国省际居民迁移与地方公共支出---基于引力模型的经验研究[J].财经研究,2009,(11):16-25.
[12]王桂新,潘泽瀚,陆燕秋.中国省际人口迁移区域模式变化及其影响因素---基于2000和2010年人口普查资料的分析[J].中国人口科学,2012,(5):2-13.
[13]席鹏辉,梁若冰.城市空气质量与环境移民---基于模糊断点模型的经验研究[J].经济科学,2015,(4):30-43.
[14]夏怡然,陆铭.城市间的“孟母三迁”---公共服务影响劳动力流向的经验研究[J].管理世界,2015,(10):78-90.
[15]杨俊,盛鹏飞.环境污染对劳动生产率的影响研究[J].中国人口科学,2012,(5):56-65.
[16]张莉,何晶,马润泓.房价如何影响劳动力流动[J].经济研究,2017,(8):155-170.
[17]朱志胜.劳动供给对城市空气污染敏感吗?---基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测数据的实证检验[J].经济与管理研究,2015,(11):47-57.
[18]Bayoh,I.,E.Irwin,and T.Haab.Determinants of Residential Location Choice:How Important Are Local PublicGoods in Attracting Homeowners to Central Locations[J].Journal of Regional Science,2010,46(1):97-120.
[19]Carson,R.T.,Y.Jeon,and D.R.McCubbin.The Relationship between Air Pollution Emissions and Income:U.S.Data[J].Environment and Development Economics,1997,(2):433-450.
[20]Chen,Y.,A.Ebenstein,M.Greenstone,and H.Li.Evidence on the Impact of Sustained Exposure to Air Pollution on Life Expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy[J].PNAS,2013,(110):12936-12941.
[21]Chen,Y.J.,P.Li,and Y.Lu.Career Concerns and Multitasking Local Bureaucrats:Evidence of a Targetbased Performance Evaluation System in China[J].Journal of Development Economics,2018,(133):84-101.
[22]Chen,T.,K.S.Kung,and C.Ma.Long Live Keju!The Persistent Effects of China’s Imperial Examination System[R].SSRN Electronic Journal,2016.
[23]Dahlberg,M.,M.Eklof,P.Fredriksson,and J.J.Monseny.Estimating Preferences for Local Public Services Using Migration Data[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(2):319-336.
[24]Deaton,A.,and A.A.Stone.Two Happiness Puzzles[J].American Economic Review,2013,(103):591-597.
[25]Fu,Y.M.,and W.C.Liao.What Drive the Geographic Concentration of College Graduates in the US?Evidence from Internal Migration[R].NBER Working Paper,2012.
[26]Gallagher,P.,W.Lazarus,H.Shapouri,R.Conway,F.Bachewe,and A.Fischer.Cardiovascular DiseaseRisk Benefits of Clean Fuel Technology and Policy:A Statistical Analysis[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(2):1210-1222.
[27]Graff,Z.J.,and M.J.Neidell.Temperature and the Allocation of Time:Implications for Climate Chance[R].NBER Working Paper,2011.
[28]Greenstone,M.,and R.Hanna.Environmental Regulations,Air and Water Pollution,and Infant Mortality in India[J].American Economic Review,2014,104(10):3038-3072.
[29]Hanna,R.,and P.Oliva.The Effect of Pollution on Labor Supply:Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Mexico City[R].NBER Working Paper,2011.
[30]Harris,J.R.,and M.P.Todaro.Migration unemployment and Development:A Two-Sector Analysis[J].American Economic Review,1970,60(1):126-142.
[31]Hilbe,J.Negative Binomial Regression(second edition)[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2011.
[32]Krugman,P.R.Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3):483-499.
[33]Lee,E.S.A Theory of Migration[J].Demography,1966,3(1):47-57.
[34]Marchiori,L.,and I.Schumacher.When Nature Rebels:International Migration,Climate Change,and Inequality[J].Journal of Population Economic,2011,24(2):569-600.
[35]Mc Connell,K.E.Income and the Demand for Environmental Quality[J].Environment and Development Economics,1997,2(4):383-399.
[36]Mc Fadden,D.L.Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior[M].Frontiers in Econometrics,New York:Academic Press,1974.
[37]Moretti,E.,and M.Neidell.Pollution,Health,and Avoidance Behavior:Evidence from the Ports of Los Angeles.[J].Journal of Human Resources,2011,46(1):154-175.
[38]Nawrotzki,R.J.,F.Riosmena,and L.M.Hunter.Do Rainfall Deficits Predict U.S.-Bound Migration from Rural Mexio?Evidence from the Mexican Census[J].Population Research Policy Review,2013,32(1):129-158.
[39]Neidell,M.Information,Avoidance Behavior,and Health:The Effect of Ozone on Asthma Hospitalizations[J]Journal of Human Resources,2009,44(2):450-478.
[40]Puga,D.The Rise and Fall of Regional Inequalities[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2):303-334.
[41]Reuveny,R.,and W.H.Moore.Does Environmental Degradation Influence Migration?Emigration to Developed Countries in the Late 1980s and 1990s[J].Social Science Quarterly,2009,90(3):461-479.
[42]Tanaka,S.Environmental Regulations on Air Pollution in China and Their Impact on Infant Mortality[J].Journal of Health Economics,2015,42(7):90-103.
[43]Tiebout,C.M.A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures[J].Journal of Political Economy,1956,64(5):416-424.
[44]Tra,C.I.A Discrete Choice Equilibrium Approach to Valuing Large Environmental Changes[J].Journal of Public Economics,2010,94(2):183-196.
[45]Viard,V.B.,and S.Fu.The Effect of Beijing’s Driving Restrictions on Pollution and Economic Activity[J].Journal of Public Economics,2015,125(8):98-115.
[46]Zhang,X.,Zhang X.,and X.Chen.Happiness in the Air:How Does a Dirty Sky Affect Mental Health and Subjective Well-being[J].Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,2017,85(9):81-94.
(1)关于《生态城市绿皮书:中国生态城市建设发展报告》及生态城市评价体系指标构建的具体介绍,可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(1)基础教育影响系数为负,通过对数据的检查发现可能由于大城市学生人数多导致数值偏小所致。本文尝试使用其他变量反映基础教育水平,结果基本一致。
(2)需要说明的是,“自然保护区面积占比”与三级指标“建成区绿化覆盖率”、“人均公共绿地面积”有本质区别。
(1)在进行工具变量检验之前,本文借鉴Chen et al.(2016)的方法,利用排他性检验论证工具变量选择的合理性,结果可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(2)此外,本文还对结果进行了区分流动动机、排除需求因素、民众环保意识突出年份、替换被解释变量、调整城市生态健康指数均值(2013年指标构成有微调,选2013-2014年均值)、合并2012CLDS数据、变量调整为劳动力流入年份之前的均值等一系列稳健性检验,结果均显著,具体结果可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(1)为了更为直观地表达两者效用的不同,本文作出了收入和生态健康效用可能性边界与边际效用函数图,可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
[2]高波,陈健,邹琳华.区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级[J].经济研究,2012,(1):66-79.
[3]郭庆旺,贾俊雪.地方政府间策略互动行为、财政支出竞争与地区经济增长[J].管理世界,2009,(10):17-27.
[4]李佳.空气污染对劳动力供给的影响研究---来自中国的经验证据[J].中国经济问题,2014,(5):67-77.
[5]黎文靖,郑曼妮.空气污染的治理机制及其作用效果---来自地级市的经验数据[J].中国工业经济,2016,(4):93-109.
[6]梁琦,陈强远,王如玉.户籍改革、劳动力流动与城市层级体系优化[J].中国社会科学,2013,(12):36-59.
[7]刘毓芸,徐现祥,肖泽凯.劳动力跨方言流动的倒U型模式[J].经济研究,2015,(10):134-146.
[8]潘静,陈广汉.家庭决策、社会互动与劳动力流动[J].经济评论,2014,(3):40-50.
[9]石庆玲,陈诗一,郭峰.环保部约谈与环境治理:以空气污染为例[J].统计研究,2017,(10):88-97.
[10]石庆玲,郭峰,陈诗一.雾霾治理中的“政治性蓝天”---来自中国地方“两会”的证据[J].中国工业经济,2016,(5):42-58.
[11]汤韵,梁若冰.中国省际居民迁移与地方公共支出---基于引力模型的经验研究[J].财经研究,2009,(11):16-25.
[12]王桂新,潘泽瀚,陆燕秋.中国省际人口迁移区域模式变化及其影响因素---基于2000和2010年人口普查资料的分析[J].中国人口科学,2012,(5):2-13.
[13]席鹏辉,梁若冰.城市空气质量与环境移民---基于模糊断点模型的经验研究[J].经济科学,2015,(4):30-43.
[14]夏怡然,陆铭.城市间的“孟母三迁”---公共服务影响劳动力流向的经验研究[J].管理世界,2015,(10):78-90.
[15]杨俊,盛鹏飞.环境污染对劳动生产率的影响研究[J].中国人口科学,2012,(5):56-65.
[16]张莉,何晶,马润泓.房价如何影响劳动力流动[J].经济研究,2017,(8):155-170.
[17]朱志胜.劳动供给对城市空气污染敏感吗?---基于2012年全国流动人口动态监测数据的实证检验[J].经济与管理研究,2015,(11):47-57.
[18]Bayoh,I.,E.Irwin,and T.Haab.Determinants of Residential Location Choice:How Important Are Local PublicGoods in Attracting Homeowners to Central Locations[J].Journal of Regional Science,2010,46(1):97-120.
[19]Carson,R.T.,Y.Jeon,and D.R.McCubbin.The Relationship between Air Pollution Emissions and Income:U.S.Data[J].Environment and Development Economics,1997,(2):433-450.
[20]Chen,Y.,A.Ebenstein,M.Greenstone,and H.Li.Evidence on the Impact of Sustained Exposure to Air Pollution on Life Expectancy from China’s Huai River Policy[J].PNAS,2013,(110):12936-12941.
[21]Chen,Y.J.,P.Li,and Y.Lu.Career Concerns and Multitasking Local Bureaucrats:Evidence of a Targetbased Performance Evaluation System in China[J].Journal of Development Economics,2018,(133):84-101.
[22]Chen,T.,K.S.Kung,and C.Ma.Long Live Keju!The Persistent Effects of China’s Imperial Examination System[R].SSRN Electronic Journal,2016.
[23]Dahlberg,M.,M.Eklof,P.Fredriksson,and J.J.Monseny.Estimating Preferences for Local Public Services Using Migration Data[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(2):319-336.
[24]Deaton,A.,and A.A.Stone.Two Happiness Puzzles[J].American Economic Review,2013,(103):591-597.
[25]Fu,Y.M.,and W.C.Liao.What Drive the Geographic Concentration of College Graduates in the US?Evidence from Internal Migration[R].NBER Working Paper,2012.
[26]Gallagher,P.,W.Lazarus,H.Shapouri,R.Conway,F.Bachewe,and A.Fischer.Cardiovascular DiseaseRisk Benefits of Clean Fuel Technology and Policy:A Statistical Analysis[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(2):1210-1222.
[27]Graff,Z.J.,and M.J.Neidell.Temperature and the Allocation of Time:Implications for Climate Chance[R].NBER Working Paper,2011.
[28]Greenstone,M.,and R.Hanna.Environmental Regulations,Air and Water Pollution,and Infant Mortality in India[J].American Economic Review,2014,104(10):3038-3072.
[29]Hanna,R.,and P.Oliva.The Effect of Pollution on Labor Supply:Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Mexico City[R].NBER Working Paper,2011.
[30]Harris,J.R.,and M.P.Todaro.Migration unemployment and Development:A Two-Sector Analysis[J].American Economic Review,1970,60(1):126-142.
[31]Hilbe,J.Negative Binomial Regression(second edition)[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2011.
[32]Krugman,P.R.Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].Journal of Political Economy,1991,99(3):483-499.
[33]Lee,E.S.A Theory of Migration[J].Demography,1966,3(1):47-57.
[34]Marchiori,L.,and I.Schumacher.When Nature Rebels:International Migration,Climate Change,and Inequality[J].Journal of Population Economic,2011,24(2):569-600.
[35]Mc Connell,K.E.Income and the Demand for Environmental Quality[J].Environment and Development Economics,1997,2(4):383-399.
[36]Mc Fadden,D.L.Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior[M].Frontiers in Econometrics,New York:Academic Press,1974.
[37]Moretti,E.,and M.Neidell.Pollution,Health,and Avoidance Behavior:Evidence from the Ports of Los Angeles.[J].Journal of Human Resources,2011,46(1):154-175.
[38]Nawrotzki,R.J.,F.Riosmena,and L.M.Hunter.Do Rainfall Deficits Predict U.S.-Bound Migration from Rural Mexio?Evidence from the Mexican Census[J].Population Research Policy Review,2013,32(1):129-158.
[39]Neidell,M.Information,Avoidance Behavior,and Health:The Effect of Ozone on Asthma Hospitalizations[J]Journal of Human Resources,2009,44(2):450-478.
[40]Puga,D.The Rise and Fall of Regional Inequalities[J].European Economic Review,1999,43(2):303-334.
[41]Reuveny,R.,and W.H.Moore.Does Environmental Degradation Influence Migration?Emigration to Developed Countries in the Late 1980s and 1990s[J].Social Science Quarterly,2009,90(3):461-479.
[42]Tanaka,S.Environmental Regulations on Air Pollution in China and Their Impact on Infant Mortality[J].Journal of Health Economics,2015,42(7):90-103.
[43]Tiebout,C.M.A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures[J].Journal of Political Economy,1956,64(5):416-424.
[44]Tra,C.I.A Discrete Choice Equilibrium Approach to Valuing Large Environmental Changes[J].Journal of Public Economics,2010,94(2):183-196.
[45]Viard,V.B.,and S.Fu.The Effect of Beijing’s Driving Restrictions on Pollution and Economic Activity[J].Journal of Public Economics,2015,125(8):98-115.
[46]Zhang,X.,Zhang X.,and X.Chen.Happiness in the Air:How Does a Dirty Sky Affect Mental Health and Subjective Well-being[J].Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,2017,85(9):81-94.
(1)关于《生态城市绿皮书:中国生态城市建设发展报告》及生态城市评价体系指标构建的具体介绍,可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(1)基础教育影响系数为负,通过对数据的检查发现可能由于大城市学生人数多导致数值偏小所致。本文尝试使用其他变量反映基础教育水平,结果基本一致。
(2)需要说明的是,“自然保护区面积占比”与三级指标“建成区绿化覆盖率”、“人均公共绿地面积”有本质区别。
(1)在进行工具变量检验之前,本文借鉴Chen et al.(2016)的方法,利用排他性检验论证工具变量选择的合理性,结果可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(2)此外,本文还对结果进行了区分流动动机、排除需求因素、民众环保意识突出年份、替换被解释变量、调整城市生态健康指数均值(2013年指标构成有微调,选2013-2014年均值)、合并2012CLDS数据、变量调整为劳动力流入年份之前的均值等一系列稳健性检验,结果均显著,具体结果可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
(1)为了更为直观地表达两者效用的不同,本文作出了收入和生态健康效用可能性边界与边际效用函数图,可在《中国工业经济》网站(http://www.ciejournal.org)下载。
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |