城市舒适度对劳动力流动的影响
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摘要
随着中国经济发展水平的提高和劳动者收入的增加,劳动者更加重视生活质量,因此城市舒适度在劳动力迁移决策中的作用日益重要。本文构建城市人为舒适度和自然舒适度指标,利用2016年中国劳动力动态调查数据(CLDS)和121个地级及以上城市的特征数据,采用条件logit模型研究了舒适度等城市特征对劳动力流动目的地选择的影响。结果表明:①更高的人为舒适度和自然舒适度是城市吸引劳动力流入的重要因素。劳动力为了享受当地的教育、医疗、文化、卫生、环境而流向人为舒适度更高的城市,城市人为舒适度每增加1%,城市被选择的概率平均上升0. 17%,具有适宜的天气条件的城市对劳动力的流入起拉动作用,城市自然舒适度增加1%,城市被选择的概率平均上升0. 375%。②从变量标准化后的回归结果看,城市人为舒适度和自然舒适度对劳动力流动决策的影响程度小于工资的影响程度。③不同年龄和不同受教育程度的劳动力对城市人为舒适度和自然舒适度表现出异质性反应:年龄更小、受教育年限更高的劳动者对人为舒适度的反应更强;年龄越大、受教育年限越高的劳动者对自然舒适度的反应越弱。因此,城市在吸引劳动力方面首先要立足于提升劳动者的真实工资水平和创造更多的就业机会,同时,城市需要全面提升人为舒适度水平,提高劳动者的生活质量从而吸引劳动力尤其是高技能劳动力的流入。
As the economic development level of China and the income level of labors have increased,labors may pay more attention to quality of life,and their migration decisions may be increasingly affected by city amenities. This paper constructs a man-made amenity index and a natural amenity index,and then using the data from China's Labor-force Dynamics Survey( CLDS) and data of city characteristics for 121 Prefecture-level cities and above to study the impact of amenity and other city characteristics on location choice of migrants in China with conditional logit model. The results are as follows: ① Man-made amenity and natural amenity are important factors for cities to attract migrants. Labor forces migrate to cities with high man-made amenity level in order to enjoy the local services of education,medical care,culture,health and environment. After the man-made amenity level increases 1%,the probability of cities chosen by migrants will increase by 0. 17%. Cities with desirable weather will attract migrants as well,and after the natural amenity level increase 1%,the probability of cities chosen by migrants will increase by 0. 375%. ②From the results of standard regression,the impact of man-made amenity and natural amenity on migrants' location choice are lower than the impact of wage. ③Migrants with different ages and educational levels show heterogeneity responses to man-made amenity and natural amenity: younger and more educated migrants are more responsive to man-made amenity,and migrants who are older and more educated are less sensitive to natural amenity. The results indicate that increasing the real wage level and providing more job opportunities are basis to attract migrants. In addition,cities should improve man-made amenity level and increase the quality of life to attract migrants,especially high skilled migrants.
As the economic development level of China and the income level of labors have increased,labors may pay more attention to quality of life,and their migration decisions may be increasingly affected by city amenities. This paper constructs a man-made amenity index and a natural amenity index,and then using the data from China's Labor-force Dynamics Survey( CLDS) and data of city characteristics for 121 Prefecture-level cities and above to study the impact of amenity and other city characteristics on location choice of migrants in China with conditional logit model. The results are as follows: ① Man-made amenity and natural amenity are important factors for cities to attract migrants. Labor forces migrate to cities with high man-made amenity level in order to enjoy the local services of education,medical care,culture,health and environment. After the man-made amenity level increases 1%,the probability of cities chosen by migrants will increase by 0. 17%. Cities with desirable weather will attract migrants as well,and after the natural amenity level increase 1%,the probability of cities chosen by migrants will increase by 0. 375%. ②From the results of standard regression,the impact of man-made amenity and natural amenity on migrants' location choice are lower than the impact of wage. ③Migrants with different ages and educational levels show heterogeneity responses to man-made amenity and natural amenity: younger and more educated migrants are more responsive to man-made amenity,and migrants who are older and more educated are less sensitive to natural amenity. The results indicate that increasing the real wage level and providing more job opportunities are basis to attract migrants. In addition,cities should improve man-made amenity level and increase the quality of life to attract migrants,especially high skilled migrants.
引文
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[22]高波,陈健,邹琳华.区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级[J].经济研究,2012(1):66-79.
[23]张莉,何晶,马润泓.房价如何影响劳动力流动[J].经济研究,2017(8):155-170.
[24]臧新,起炯.外资区城转移背景下FDI对我国劳动力流动的影响研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(3):78-94.
[25]夏怡然,陆铭.城市间的“孟母三迁”——公共服务影响劳动力流向的经验研究[J].管理世界,2015(10):78-90.
[26]刘修岩,李松林.房价、迁移摩擦与中国城市的规模分布——理论模型与结构式估计[J].经济研究,2017(7):65-78.
[27]MCFADDEN D.Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior[M].New York:Academic Press,1974:105-142.
[28]HAUSMAN J,MCFADDEN D.Specification tests for the multinomial logit model[J].Econometrica,1984,52:1219-1240.
[2]SJAASTAD L A.The costs and returns of human migration[J].Journal of political economy,1962,70(5):80-93.
[3]TODARO M P.A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries[J].American economic review,1969,59(1):138-148.
[4]GRAVES P E.A reexamination of migration,economic opportunity,and the quality of life[J].Journal of regional science,2010,16(1):107-112.
[5]GRAVES P E.A life-cycle empirical analysis of migration and climate,by race[J].Journal of urban economics,1979,6(2):135-147.
[6]GRAVES P E.Migration and climate[J].Journal of regional science,2010,20(2):227-237.
[7]GREENWOODM J,HUNT G L.Jobs versus amenities in the analysis of metropolitan migration[J].Journal of urban economics,1989,25(1):1-16.
[8]ROBACK J.Wages,rents and the quality of life[J].Journal of political economy,1982,90:1257-1278.
[9]ROBACK J.Wages,rents,and amenities:differences among workers and regions[J].Economic inquiry,2010,26(1):23-41.
[10]BLOMQUIST G C,BERGER M C,HOEHN J P.New estimates of quality of life in urban areas[J].American economic review,1988,78(1):89-107.
[11]RAPPAPORT J.Moving to nice weather[J].Regional science and urban economics,2007,37(3):375-398.
[12]GLAESER E L,KOLKO J,SAIZ A.Consumer city[J].Journal of economic geography,2001,1(1):27-50
[13]PECK J.Struggling with the creative class[J].International journal of urban and regional research,2010,29(4):740-770.
[14]LAHR M L.Regional science,regional scientists,and state policy[J].International regional science review,2009,32(4):495-508.
[15]ALBOUY D,STUART B.Urban population and amenities:the neoclassical model of location[R].Cambridge MA:NBER,2016.
[16]STORPER M,SCOTT A J.Rethinking human capital,creativity and urban growth[J].Journal of economic geography,2009,9(2):147-167.
[17]ARNTZ M.What attracts human capital?understanding the skill composition of interregional job matches in Germany[J].Regional studies,2010,44(4):423-441.
[18]NIEDOMYSL T,HANSEN H K.What matters more for the decision to move:jobs versus amenities[J].Environment and planning,2010,42:1636-1649.
[19]SCOTT A J.Jobs or amenities?destination choices of migrant engineers in the USA[J].Papers in regional science,2010,89(1):43-63.
[20]CHEN Y,ROSENTHAL S S.Local amenities and lifecycle migration:do people move for jobs or fun?[J].Journal of urban economics,2008,64(3):519-537.
[21]WHISLER R L,WALDORT B S,MULLIGAN G F,et al.Quality of life and the migration of the college educated:a life-course approach[J].Growth and change,2010,39(1):58-94.
[22]高波,陈健,邹琳华.区域房价差异、劳动力流动与产业升级[J].经济研究,2012(1):66-79.
[23]张莉,何晶,马润泓.房价如何影响劳动力流动[J].经济研究,2017(8):155-170.
[24]臧新,起炯.外资区城转移背景下FDI对我国劳动力流动的影响研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(3):78-94.
[25]夏怡然,陆铭.城市间的“孟母三迁”——公共服务影响劳动力流向的经验研究[J].管理世界,2015(10):78-90.
[26]刘修岩,李松林.房价、迁移摩擦与中国城市的规模分布——理论模型与结构式估计[J].经济研究,2017(7):65-78.
[27]MCFADDEN D.Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior[M].New York:Academic Press,1974:105-142.
[28]HAUSMAN J,MCFADDEN D.Specification tests for the multinomial logit model[J].Econometrica,1984,52:1219-1240.
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