哈尼梯田稻鱼共作系统中除草剂的污染特征
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摘要
稻鱼共作是中国稻田综合种养的重要推广模式,不仅能显著提高稻田经济效益,同时能有效保护梯田这一重要农业文化遗产。为了解稻鱼共作系统中除草剂的使用和污染特征,该研究选取云南哈尼梯田稻鱼共作系统,检测7种常见的除草剂(草甘膦、灭草松、利谷隆、莠去津、乙草胺、丁草胺和除草醚)在水和沉积物中的残留值。结果显示:水中检出草甘膦、灭草松、莠去津、乙草胺和除草醚5种除草剂,其检出率分别为100.00%、9.09%、72.73%、100.00%、100.00%和36.36%,其最大残留值为153.82、1.60×10~(-3)、1.52×10~(-2)、22.31、19.34和2.04×10~(-2)μg/L。沉积物中检出莠去津、乙草胺和除草醚3种除草剂,其检出率分别为100.00%、80.00%和100.00%,最大残留值依次为10.91、50.01和4.52μg/kg。结果表明,草甘膦、莠去津和乙草胺为主要残留的除草剂。除草剂污染特征为梯田>水流汇合处>水源。生态风险评估结果显示,梯田内除草剂的综合生态风险为高风险,水流汇合处为中等风险,水源除草剂残留无明显生态风险;表明梯田内施用和残留的除草剂对周边水域环境存在潜在的风险,莠去津和乙草胺是该产地的生态风险贡献最大的除草剂。
Rice fish is an important promotion mode of our country in rice cultivation, which not only can significantly im-prove the economic benefits of paddy field, but also can effectively protect the important agricultural heritage of terrace. Con-siderated that many herbicides were frequently applied in fields to eliminate the weeds with a high detriment to environment.In order to clear the using and pollution characteristics of herbicides in rice fish system,we detected the residues of 7 kinds of herbicides(glyphosate, bentazone, linuron, atrazine, acetochlor, nitrofen and butachlor) in water and sediments,in Yunnan Hani terraced rice fish system.The results showed that a total of 5 herbicides(Glyphosate, Bentazone, Atrazine, Acetochlor and Nitrofen) were detected in water,the detection rates of each herbicide are 100.00 %, 9.09%, 72.73%, 100.00%, 100.00%and 36.36%, the maximum value of the residual are 153.82、1.60×10~(-3)、1.52×10~(-2)、22.31、19.34 and 2.04×10~(-2)μg/L. Atrazine, acetochlor and nitrofen were detected in sediments,the detection rates are 100.00 %、80.00% and 100.00%, the maximum value of the residual are 10.91、50.01 and 4.52 μg/kg. The results showed that glyphosate, atrazine and acetochlor are the main residual herbicides in terraced fields. The low to high degree of herbicides pollution in rice fish system were head-waters, convergence place of water and bench terrace. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk of herbicides in terrace fields are high risk, convergence place of water are medium risk and herbicides residues without obvious ecological risk in headwaters. All the results indicate that herbicide residues in terrace fields have a potential risk to the surrounding water environment;Atrazine and acetochlor are play the best important role in herbicides' ecological risk to aquatic organism.
Rice fish is an important promotion mode of our country in rice cultivation, which not only can significantly im-prove the economic benefits of paddy field, but also can effectively protect the important agricultural heritage of terrace. Con-siderated that many herbicides were frequently applied in fields to eliminate the weeds with a high detriment to environment.In order to clear the using and pollution characteristics of herbicides in rice fish system,we detected the residues of 7 kinds of herbicides(glyphosate, bentazone, linuron, atrazine, acetochlor, nitrofen and butachlor) in water and sediments,in Yunnan Hani terraced rice fish system.The results showed that a total of 5 herbicides(Glyphosate, Bentazone, Atrazine, Acetochlor and Nitrofen) were detected in water,the detection rates of each herbicide are 100.00 %, 9.09%, 72.73%, 100.00%, 100.00%and 36.36%, the maximum value of the residual are 153.82、1.60×10~(-3)、1.52×10~(-2)、22.31、19.34 and 2.04×10~(-2)μg/L. Atrazine, acetochlor and nitrofen were detected in sediments,the detection rates are 100.00 %、80.00% and 100.00%, the maximum value of the residual are 10.91、50.01 and 4.52 μg/kg. The results showed that glyphosate, atrazine and acetochlor are the main residual herbicides in terraced fields. The low to high degree of herbicides pollution in rice fish system were head-waters, convergence place of water and bench terrace. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk of herbicides in terrace fields are high risk, convergence place of water are medium risk and herbicides residues without obvious ecological risk in headwaters. All the results indicate that herbicide residues in terrace fields have a potential risk to the surrounding water environment;Atrazine and acetochlor are play the best important role in herbicides' ecological risk to aquatic organism.
引文
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[2]李成芳,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.稻鸭稻鱼共作生态系统N素平衡的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1326-1334.Li Chengfang,Cao Cougai,Wang Jinping,et al.Studies on N balance of rice-duck-fish co-cropping ecosystem[J].Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,2008,27(4):1326-1334.
[3]李成芳,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.稻鸭、稻鱼共作对稻田P素动态变化的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):126-131.Li Chengfang,Cao Qiangui,Wang Jinping,et al.Effects of rice-duck and rice-fish co-cropping system on P dynamic changes in rice field[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze River Basin,2009,18(2):126-131.
[4]Mridha M A R,Hossain M A,Shah A K M A,et al.Effects of supplementary feeds with different protein levels on growth and economic performances of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)cultured in a rain-fed ricefish ecosystem[J].Journal of Applied Aquaculture,2017,29(2):152-166.
[5]袁伟玲,曹凑贵,汪金平,等.稻鱼共作生态系统浮游植物群落结构和生物多样性[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):253-257.Yuan Weiling,Cao Cougui,Wang Jinping,et al.Phytoplankton community structure and biodiversity of rice-fish co-cropping ecosystem[J].Journal of Ecology,2010,30(1):253-257.
[6]李成芳,曹凑贵,徐拥华,等.稻鸭与稻鱼生态系统土壤微生物量N和土壤酶活性动态[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):3905-3912.Li Chengfang,Cao Cougui,Xu Yonghua,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass N and soil enzyme activity in riceduck and rice-fish ecosystem[J].Journal of Ecology,2008,28(8):3905-3912.
[7]Xie J,Hu L,Tang J,et al.Ecological mechanisms underlying the sustainability of the agricultural heritage rice-fish coculture system[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2011,108(50):19851-19852.
[8]张剑,胡亮亮,任伟征,等.稻鱼系统中田鱼对资源的利用及对水稻生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):299-307.Zhang Jian,Hu Liangliang,Ren Weizheng,et al.Utilization of resources and effects on rice growth by fish,in rice fish system[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(1):299-307.
[9]曹志强,梁知洁,赵艺欣,等.北方稻田养鱼的共生效应研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(3):405-408.Cao Zhiqiang,Liang Zhijie,Zhao Yixin,et al.Studies on the symbiotic effect of paddy fish culture in North China[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(3):405-408.
[10]聂继云,李志霞,刘传德,等.苹果农药残留风险评估[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3655-3667.Nie Jiyun,Li Zhixia,Liu Chuande,et al.Risk assessment of pesticide residues in apple[J].Chinese Agricultural Science,2014,47(18):3655-3667.
[11]邱伟芬,张昌娟,文良,等.气相色谱-质谱联用结合Qu ECh ERS法快速筛查大米中多种农药残留[J].食品科学,2015,36(12):221-225.Qiu Weifen,Zhang Changjuan,Wen Liang,et al.Rapid screening of pesticide residues in rice by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with Qu ECh ERS[J].Food Science,2015,36(12):221-225.
[12]赵风年,郑鹭飞,佘永新,等.分散固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定典型小宗作物中6种农药残留[J].食品科学,2017,38(20):197-202.Zhao Fengnian,Zheng Lufei,She Yongxin,et al.Determination of six pesticide residues in typical crops by dispersive solid phase extraction-Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Food Science,2017,38(20):197-202.
[13]徐佳艳,彭自然,和庆,等.长三角地区池塘养殖水产品体内农药类污染与食用风险评价[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(3):485-495.Xu Jiayan,Peng Ziran,He Qing,et al.Evaluation of Pesticide pollution and edible risk in pond cultured aquatic products in Yangtze River Delta[J].Journal of Ecology Toxicology,2017,12(3):485-495.
[14]付岩,张亮,吴银良.草莓中嘧霉胺的残留与膳食风险评估[J].现代食品科技,2017(11):2-7.Fu Yan,Zhang Liang,Wu Yinliang.Residue and dietary risk assessment of pyrimethanil in strawberries[J].Modern Food Technology,2017(11):2-7.
[15]赵锋,李光耀,黄璐璐,等.多效唑在花生和土壤中的残留分析及消解动态[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(8):1421-1426.Zhao Feng,Li Guangyao,Huang Lulu,et al.Residue analysis and digestion dynamics of paclobutrazol in Peanut and soil[J].Journal of Agriculture of the South,2017,48(8):1421-1426.
[16]袁大伟,吕卫光,李双喜,等.农药在蔬菜中的残留动态及降解规律研究[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(9):317-320.Yuan Dawei,Lyu Weiguang,Li Shuangxi,et al.Study on residue dynamics and degradation of pesticides in vegetables[J].China Agronomy Bulletin,2014,30(9):317-320.
[17]张夕林,丁晓丽,钱允辉,等.稻米中农药残留量及其降解动态的分析与应用[C]//江苏省昆虫学会会员代表大会.2008.
[18]王智睿.几种菊酯农药在果园土壤中的残留动态研究[D].西安:西北农林科技大学,2009.Wang Zhirui.Study on the Residue Dynamics of Several Permethrin Pesticides in Orchard Soil[D].Xi'an:Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2009.
[19]王璞.哌虫啶在小麦中的残留动态及其环境行为的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2012.Wang Pu.Studies on Residue Dynamics and Environmental Behavior of Piperidine in Wheat[D].Harbin:Harbin University of Technology,2012.
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