利润率平均化:量度模型与经验考察
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摘要
利润率在部门之间平均化,却在部门内部"非平均化",学界尝试调整资本概念和调整利润率平均化理论来解决这一矛盾。此理论的难点是调整利润率的度量。在分析相关争论的基础上,可以发展出一种考虑产能利用率、折旧、税收、工资和价格指数变动的调整利润率度量方式。以美国制造业为案例的经验考察,发现制造业各部门的平均利润率没有表现出平均化的迹象,各部门的调整利润率却呈现出平均化的趋势;调整利润率平均化的方式,不是收敛于均值,而是围绕着均值不断地波动。
The profit rate is averaged between sectors,but"non-averaged"within the sectors.The academic community tries to adjust the capital concept and the theory on equalization of profit rates to solve this contradiction.The difficulty of this theory is to adjust the measurement of the profit rate.On the basis of analyzing relevant disputes,we can develop a method for adjusting the measurement of the profit rate that takes into account changes in capacity utilization,depreciation,taxes,wages,and price indices.According to the empirical inspection based on the case of the manufacturing industry in the United States,it has been found that the average profit rate of various sectors in the manufacturing industry has not shown signs of equalization,but the adjusted profit rate of various sectors has shown the trend of equalization;the method for the equalization of the adjusted profit rate is converging to the mean value,but constantly fluctuating around the mean value.
The profit rate is averaged between sectors,but"non-averaged"within the sectors.The academic community tries to adjust the capital concept and the theory on equalization of profit rates to solve this contradiction.The difficulty of this theory is to adjust the measurement of the profit rate.On the basis of analyzing relevant disputes,we can develop a method for adjusting the measurement of the profit rate that takes into account changes in capacity utilization,depreciation,taxes,wages,and price indices.According to the empirical inspection based on the case of the manufacturing industry in the United States,it has been found that the average profit rate of various sectors in the manufacturing industry has not shown signs of equalization,but the adjusted profit rate of various sectors has shown the trend of equalization;the method for the equalization of the adjusted profit rate is converging to the mean value,but constantly fluctuating around the mean value.
引文
[1]Mueller D.Profits in the Long Run[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986:8-32.
[2]Shaikh A.Competition and Industrial Rates of Return[C]//Arestis P,Eatwell J.Issues in Finance and Industry:Essays in Honour of Ajit Singh.New York:Palgrave,2008:167-194.
[3]Sarich J,Hecht J.Are Mega-Corps Competitive?Some Empirical Tests of Business Competition[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy.New York:Routledge,2014:298-324.
[4]Duménil G,Lévy D.The Field of Capital Mobility and the Gravitation of Profit Rates(USA 1948–2000)[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2002,34:417–36.
[5]Tsoulfidis L,Tsaliki P.Marxian Theory of Competition and the Concept of Regulating Capital:Evidence from Greek Manufacturing[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2005,37:5–22.
[6]Tsoulfidis L,Tsaliki P.Classical Competition and Regulating Capital:Theory and Empirical Evidence[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy,New York:Routledge,2014:267-297.
[7]Bahce S,Eres B.Competing Paradigms of Competition:Evidence from the Turkish Manufacturing Industry[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2013,45(2):201–224.
[8]Bahce S,Eres B.Components of Differential Profitability in a Classical/Marxian theory of Competition:a Case Study of Turkish Manufacturing[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy.New York:Routledge,2014:229-266.
[9]Vaona A.An Empirical Investigation into the Gravitation and Convergence of Industry Return Rates in OECD Countries[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2011,25(4):465–502.
[10]Vaona A.Further Econometric Evidence on the Gravitation and Convergence of Industrial Rates of Return on Regulating Capital[J].Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,2012,35:113–36.
[11]Vaona A.Twenty-two Econometric Tests on the Gravitation and Convergence of Industrial Rates of Return in New Zealand and Taiwan[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2013,27(5):597–611.
[12]Tescari S,Vaona A.Regulating Rates of Return do Gravitate in US Manufacturing![J].Metroeconomica,2014,65(3):377-396.
[13]马克思.资本论:第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[14]Shaikh A.Neo-Ricardian Economics:A Wealth of Algebra,A Poverty of Theory[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,1982,14(2):67–83.
[15]Shaikh A.Capitalism:Competition,Conflict,Crises[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2016:259-272.
[16]孟捷,冯金华.部门内企业的代谢竞争与价值规律的实现形式[J].北京:经济研究,2015(01):23-37.
[17]马克思.资本论:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[18]Duménil G,Lévy D.Is the IROR a Plausible Approximation of the Profit Rate on Regulating Capital?[EB/OL].(2012-01-01)[2014-03-10]http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/levy/dle2012m.pdf.
[19]Shaikh A.The Stock Market and the Corporate Sector:A Profit-based approach[C]//Arestis P,Palma G,Sawyer M.Markets,Unemployment and Economic Policy:Essays in Honour of Geoff Harcourt.Volume Two.London:Routledge,1997:389-404.
(1)谢克将马克思的竞争描述为战争,它是一种对抗性的和毁灭性的过程,各个部门是不同的战场,技术是战斗的武器,企业之间的对抗正是战役本身。[14][15]
(2)马克思所描绘的部门内竞争格局,可被称为“部门内竞争的动态平面结构”,孟捷和冯金华纳入演化经济学的视角对其进行发展,构建了一个“部门内竞争的动态层级结构”。[16]
(3)迪梅尼尔和列维在其论文中,只是用符号Yt表示产出,并没有讨论产能和价格问题,但他们的推导只有在Yt表示实际产能(即不变价格下的产能)时才成立。其他与价格有关的变量,也需要采用不变价格进行衡量。
(4)依旧假设就业量可变,而且与产出成比例。
(5)在美国的国民收入和产品账户(NIPA)中,总操作剩余=增加值-(生产和进口税减去补贴)-雇员薪酬,将“生产和进口税减去补贴”简称为生产税,并以“总操作剩余”作为利润,则与利润的表达式Pt=ptYt(1-ptt)-wtLt相对应的实际产出Yt,指的是第t期的实际增加值。
(6)美国经济分析局在1997年前后对数据统计口径进行了调整。本文采用1997年至今的现有可用数据进行整理和运算,得到了1999~2015年间的相关数据。
(7)增加值(VAt)、雇员薪酬(CEt)、总操作剩余(GOSt)、生产和进口税减去补贴(PTt)取自美国经济分析局的部门GDP数据中的“Components of Value Added by Industry”,部门增加值的价格指数(PIt)取自Chain-Type Price Indexes for Value Added by Industry;当前成本折旧(DEPt)取自国民收入和产品账户(NIPA)Table 3.4ESI.Current-Cost Depreciation of Private Fixed Assets by Industry;净资本存量()取自Table 3.1ESI.Current-Cost Net Stock of Private Fixed Assets by Industry;全部生产人员(NCSt)取自Table 6.8D.Persons Engaged in Production by Industry;私营固定资产投资(It-1)取自Table 3.7ESI.Investment in Private Fixed Assets by Industry;产能利用率(CAPUTLt)取自美国联邦储备委员会网站数据中的Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization-G.17。
[2]Shaikh A.Competition and Industrial Rates of Return[C]//Arestis P,Eatwell J.Issues in Finance and Industry:Essays in Honour of Ajit Singh.New York:Palgrave,2008:167-194.
[3]Sarich J,Hecht J.Are Mega-Corps Competitive?Some Empirical Tests of Business Competition[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy.New York:Routledge,2014:298-324.
[4]Duménil G,Lévy D.The Field of Capital Mobility and the Gravitation of Profit Rates(USA 1948–2000)[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2002,34:417–36.
[5]Tsoulfidis L,Tsaliki P.Marxian Theory of Competition and the Concept of Regulating Capital:Evidence from Greek Manufacturing[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2005,37:5–22.
[6]Tsoulfidis L,Tsaliki P.Classical Competition and Regulating Capital:Theory and Empirical Evidence[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy,New York:Routledge,2014:267-297.
[7]Bahce S,Eres B.Competing Paradigms of Competition:Evidence from the Turkish Manufacturing Industry[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,2013,45(2):201–224.
[8]Bahce S,Eres B.Components of Differential Profitability in a Classical/Marxian theory of Competition:a Case Study of Turkish Manufacturing[C]//Moudud J K,Bina C,Mason P L.Alternative Theories of Competition:Challenges to Orthodoxy.New York:Routledge,2014:229-266.
[9]Vaona A.An Empirical Investigation into the Gravitation and Convergence of Industry Return Rates in OECD Countries[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2011,25(4):465–502.
[10]Vaona A.Further Econometric Evidence on the Gravitation and Convergence of Industrial Rates of Return on Regulating Capital[J].Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,2012,35:113–36.
[11]Vaona A.Twenty-two Econometric Tests on the Gravitation and Convergence of Industrial Rates of Return in New Zealand and Taiwan[J].International Review of Applied Economics,2013,27(5):597–611.
[12]Tescari S,Vaona A.Regulating Rates of Return do Gravitate in US Manufacturing![J].Metroeconomica,2014,65(3):377-396.
[13]马克思.资本论:第3卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[14]Shaikh A.Neo-Ricardian Economics:A Wealth of Algebra,A Poverty of Theory[J].Review of Radical Political Economics,1982,14(2):67–83.
[15]Shaikh A.Capitalism:Competition,Conflict,Crises[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2016:259-272.
[16]孟捷,冯金华.部门内企业的代谢竞争与价值规律的实现形式[J].北京:经济研究,2015(01):23-37.
[17]马克思.资本论:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2004.
[18]Duménil G,Lévy D.Is the IROR a Plausible Approximation of the Profit Rate on Regulating Capital?[EB/OL].(2012-01-01)[2014-03-10]http://www.jourdan.ens.fr/levy/dle2012m.pdf.
[19]Shaikh A.The Stock Market and the Corporate Sector:A Profit-based approach[C]//Arestis P,Palma G,Sawyer M.Markets,Unemployment and Economic Policy:Essays in Honour of Geoff Harcourt.Volume Two.London:Routledge,1997:389-404.
(1)谢克将马克思的竞争描述为战争,它是一种对抗性的和毁灭性的过程,各个部门是不同的战场,技术是战斗的武器,企业之间的对抗正是战役本身。[14][15]
(2)马克思所描绘的部门内竞争格局,可被称为“部门内竞争的动态平面结构”,孟捷和冯金华纳入演化经济学的视角对其进行发展,构建了一个“部门内竞争的动态层级结构”。[16]
(3)迪梅尼尔和列维在其论文中,只是用符号Yt表示产出,并没有讨论产能和价格问题,但他们的推导只有在Yt表示实际产能(即不变价格下的产能)时才成立。其他与价格有关的变量,也需要采用不变价格进行衡量。
(4)依旧假设就业量可变,而且与产出成比例。
(5)在美国的国民收入和产品账户(NIPA)中,总操作剩余=增加值-(生产和进口税减去补贴)-雇员薪酬,将“生产和进口税减去补贴”简称为生产税,并以“总操作剩余”作为利润,则与利润的表达式Pt=ptYt(1-ptt)-wtLt相对应的实际产出Yt,指的是第t期的实际增加值。
(6)美国经济分析局在1997年前后对数据统计口径进行了调整。本文采用1997年至今的现有可用数据进行整理和运算,得到了1999~2015年间的相关数据。
(7)增加值(VAt)、雇员薪酬(CEt)、总操作剩余(GOSt)、生产和进口税减去补贴(PTt)取自美国经济分析局的部门GDP数据中的“Components of Value Added by Industry”,部门增加值的价格指数(PIt)取自Chain-Type Price Indexes for Value Added by Industry;当前成本折旧(DEPt)取自国民收入和产品账户(NIPA)Table 3.4ESI.Current-Cost Depreciation of Private Fixed Assets by Industry;净资本存量()取自Table 3.1ESI.Current-Cost Net Stock of Private Fixed Assets by Industry;全部生产人员(NCSt)取自Table 6.8D.Persons Engaged in Production by Industry;私营固定资产投资(It-1)取自Table 3.7ESI.Investment in Private Fixed Assets by Industry;产能利用率(CAPUTLt)取自美国联邦储备委员会网站数据中的Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization-G.17。