黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化
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摘要
2016年4月至2017年4月,采用红外相机技术和粪便分析法(频率法和剩余物干重法)对四川栗子坪国家级自然保护区内黄喉貂不同季节的日活动节律及食物组成变化进行了研究。结果显示:(1)黄喉貂主要在白天活动(昼间独立照片数占总独立照片数的85. 64%),不同季节黄喉貂日活动节律无显著差异(χ~2=126. 950,df=132,P=0. 608),但在不同季节其日活动高峰出现时间不同,春季的活动高峰在16:00~19:00(31. 65%),夏季活动高峰在15:00~18:00 (26. 32%),秋季活动高峰在13:00~16:00 (34. 31%),冬季活动高峰在11:00~14:00 (25. 00%),并且冬季夜间活动与其他季节相比明显增多;(2)黄喉貂取食食物有兽类、鸟类、昆虫类和植物类等,但兽类是黄喉貂最主要的食物来源,在一年中以兽类的出现频率最高,为95. 28%,兽类剩余物的总相对干重百分比达80. 99%,其次是植物、鸟类和昆虫;(3)黄喉貂对食物类别的利用表现出明显的季节差异,春、夏、秋三个季节黄喉貂粪便中兽类所占比重最多,春季鸟类出现频率较高,冬季黄喉貂粪便中植物所占比重明显增多。本研究表明,黄喉貂在不同季节其日活动节律和食性均表现出一定的差异,这可能与其繁殖特性和生理代谢需求有关。本研究揭示了黄喉貂的日活动节律及食性的季节性变化,充实了黄喉貂的生物、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。
From April 2016 to April 2017,seasonal variation of daily activity patterns and diet of yellow-throated marten( Martes flavigula) were studied using fecal analyses( frequency of occurrence and relative weight of remains) and Infrared Triggered Camera Technology in Liziping National Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China. We found that the activity of yellow-throated martens mainly occurred during the daytime,diurnal activity accounting for 85. 64% of the total independent photographs. Pearson's chi-squared test showed that there was no significant difference in activity patterns of yellowthroated martens in different seasons( χ~2= 126. 950,df = 132,P = 0. 608). However,the peak time of activity patterns showed a certain difference among different seasons. The peak of the activity density occurred at 16: 00-19: 00 in spring( 31. 65%),15: 00-18: 00 in summer( 26. 32%),13: 00-16: 00 in autumn( 34. 31%),and 11: 00-14: 00 in winter( 25. 00%). In addition,there was more nocturnal activity in winter than that of the other three seasons.The content of yellow-throated martens feces could be classified into 4 groups: mammals,birds,insects and plants. Mammals( 95. 28% occurrence and 80. 99% dry weight) were the major food of yellow-throated martens throughout the year.The food habits of yellow-throated martens varied in different seasons. Mammal remains in the feces appeared most fre-quently in spring,summer and autumn. Bird remains also appeared frequently in spring. The proportion of plants in the feces of yellow-throated martens was obviously increased in winter. Our results show that both daily activity patterns and diet of yellow-throated martens have certain differences in different seasons,which might be related to its seasonal breeding characteristics and physiological metabolism. These results are very helpful to a better understanding about the life history and survival strategy for yellow-throated martens,and provide a fundamental data and study for the protection of yellowthroated martens.
From April 2016 to April 2017,seasonal variation of daily activity patterns and diet of yellow-throated marten( Martes flavigula) were studied using fecal analyses( frequency of occurrence and relative weight of remains) and Infrared Triggered Camera Technology in Liziping National Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China. We found that the activity of yellow-throated martens mainly occurred during the daytime,diurnal activity accounting for 85. 64% of the total independent photographs. Pearson's chi-squared test showed that there was no significant difference in activity patterns of yellowthroated martens in different seasons( χ~2= 126. 950,df = 132,P = 0. 608). However,the peak time of activity patterns showed a certain difference among different seasons. The peak of the activity density occurred at 16: 00-19: 00 in spring( 31. 65%),15: 00-18: 00 in summer( 26. 32%),13: 00-16: 00 in autumn( 34. 31%),and 11: 00-14: 00 in winter( 25. 00%). In addition,there was more nocturnal activity in winter than that of the other three seasons.The content of yellow-throated martens feces could be classified into 4 groups: mammals,birds,insects and plants. Mammals( 95. 28% occurrence and 80. 99% dry weight) were the major food of yellow-throated martens throughout the year.The food habits of yellow-throated martens varied in different seasons. Mammal remains in the feces appeared most fre-quently in spring,summer and autumn. Bird remains also appeared frequently in spring. The proportion of plants in the feces of yellow-throated martens was obviously increased in winter. Our results show that both daily activity patterns and diet of yellow-throated martens have certain differences in different seasons,which might be related to its seasonal breeding characteristics and physiological metabolism. These results are very helpful to a better understanding about the life history and survival strategy for yellow-throated martens,and provide a fundamental data and study for the protection of yellowthroated martens.
引文
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Ge B M,Guan T P,Chen L M,Ma W H,Song Y L.2012.The applications of the GPS collar system in wild animal management and Monitoring.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,31(2):311-316.(in Chinese)
Grassman L I Jr,Tewes M E,Silvy N J.2005.Ranging,habitat use and activity patterns of binturong Arctictis binturong and yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula in north-central Thailand.Wildlife Biology,11(1):49-57.
Guillera-Arroita G,Morgan B J T,Ridout M S,Linkie M.2011.Species occupancy modeling for detection data collected along a transect.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,16(3):301-317.
Hiroshi T.2005.Seasonal and daily activity patterns of Japanese badgers(Meles meles anakuma)in Western Honshu,Japan.Mammal Study,30(1):11-17.
Jia H Y.2013.Significance of fecal analysis technique in herbivore’s diet studies.Journal of Longdong University,24(5):73-76.(in Chinese)
Jin J L,Zhang C M,Yang C W.2003.Diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,14(6):1019-1022.(in Chinese)
Li D Y,Ren B P,He X M,Hu G,Li B G,Li M.2011.Diet of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve.Acta Theriologica Sinica,31(4):338-346.(in Chinese)
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Ma S L,Ma X F,Shi W Y.2001.A Guide to Mammal Tracking in China.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,144-145.(in Chinese)
Ma J Z,Xu L,Zhang H H,Bao X K.1999.Activity patterns of sables(Martes zibellina)in Daxinganling Mountains,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,19(2):95-100.(in Chinese)
Meredith M,Ridout M.2016.Overlap:estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.Version 0.2.6.https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/overlap/
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation Forum,6(2):131-139.
Pierce A J,Sukumal N,Khamcha D.2014.A yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula feeding on a red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak carcase.Small Carnivore Conservation,51:76-78.
Putman R J.1984.Facts from Faeces.New York:Mammal Rev,79-97.
Reynolds J C,Aebischer N J.1991.Comparison and quantification of carnivore diet by faecal analysis:a critique,with recommendations,based on a study of the fox Vulpes vulpes.Mammal Review,21(3):97-122.
Ridout M S,Linkie M.2009.Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,14(3):322-337.
Saro L,Sunmin L,Wonkyong S,Moung J L.2017.Habitat potential mapping of marten(Martes flavigula)and leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis)in South Korea using Artificial Neural Network Machine Learning.Applied Sciences,7(9):912.
Schoener T W.1971.Theory of feeding strategies.Annual Review of E-cology and Systematics,2(1):369-404.
Shang Y C.2014.Animal Ethology.Beijing:Peking University Press.(in Chinese)
Shang Y C.1998.Behavioral Ecology.Beijing:Peking University Press,30-31.(in Chinese)
Tang C B,Jiang J B,Huang C M,Lu C H,Zhou Q H.2017.Influence of environmental and social factors on activity rhythm and time budget of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)in Karst habitat.Acta Theriologica Sinica,37(2):131-138.(in Chinese)
Tsai C W.2007.Food resource partitioning between sympatric yellowthroated marten(Martes flavigula chrysosphila)and Siberian weasel(Mustela sibirica taivana).Master Thesis.School of Forestry and Resource Conservation College of Bioresources and Agriculture Taiwan University,1-82.
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Wang T L,Zou B,Liu Q,Han J Q,Zhou E F.2014.Reserch on feeding habits of Mustelidae animals in Xixian County of Shanxi Province.Shanxi Science and Technology,29(5):47-49.(in Chinese)
Woo D,Choi T,Kwon H,Lee S,Lee J.2015.The food habits and habitat use of yellow-throated martens(Martes flavigula)by snow tracking in Korean temperate forest during the winter.J Environ Impact Assess,24(5):532-548.
Yu J P,Qian H Y,Chen X N,Li S,Shen X L.2017.Daily activity pattern of silver pheasant(Lophura nycthemera)using cameratraps.Chinese Journal of Zoology,52(6):937-944.(in Chinese)
Yin H B,Yu G J,Wang G L,Zhou Y B,Wu M M.2008.Studying methods of carnivore food habit.Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition),32(1):90-94.(in Chinese)
Zalewski A.2001.Seasonal and sexual variation in diel activity rhythms of pine marten Martes martes in the Bia?owie 6)za National Park(Poland).Acta Theriologica,46(3):295-304.
Zalewski A.2000.Factors affecting the duration of activity by pine martens(Martes martes)in the Bia?owie 6)za National Park,Poland.The Zoological Society of London,251(4):439-447.
Zhang J J.2000.Preliminary observation on the ecological characteristics of yellow-throated marten.Hebei Journal of Forestry and Orchard Research,15:195-196.(in Chinese)
Zhang H H.1999.Evaluation on the studying methods of Carnivore food habits.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,27(4):53-56.(in Chinese)
Zhou H,Yuan S B,Yang Z S,Zheng L S,Yang Y,Gu X D,Yang XY,Zhang Z J.2014.Correlation between diet and biomass of staple-food bamboos utilized by giant pandas during summer in Liziping Nature Reserve,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(1):93-99.(in Chinese)
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Choi M B,Woo D,Choi T Y.2015.Composition of the insect diet in feces of yellow-throated marten,Martes flavigula,in Jirisan National Park,South Korea.Journal of Ecology and Environment,38(3):389-395.
Ge B M,Guan T P,Chen L M,Ma W H,Song Y L.2012.The applications of the GPS collar system in wild animal management and Monitoring.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,31(2):311-316.(in Chinese)
Grassman L I Jr,Tewes M E,Silvy N J.2005.Ranging,habitat use and activity patterns of binturong Arctictis binturong and yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula in north-central Thailand.Wildlife Biology,11(1):49-57.
Guillera-Arroita G,Morgan B J T,Ridout M S,Linkie M.2011.Species occupancy modeling for detection data collected along a transect.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,16(3):301-317.
Hiroshi T.2005.Seasonal and daily activity patterns of Japanese badgers(Meles meles anakuma)in Western Honshu,Japan.Mammal Study,30(1):11-17.
Jia H Y.2013.Significance of fecal analysis technique in herbivore’s diet studies.Journal of Longdong University,24(5):73-76.(in Chinese)
Jin J L,Zhang C M,Yang C W.2003.Diurnal activity rhythm of Clethrionomys rufocanus.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,14(6):1019-1022.(in Chinese)
Li D Y,Ren B P,He X M,Hu G,Li B G,Li M.2011.Diet of Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve.Acta Theriologica Sinica,31(4):338-346.(in Chinese)
Li M F,Li S,Wang D J,William J M,Guan T P,Chen L M.2011.The daily activity patterns of takin Budorcas taxicolor in winter and spring at Tangjiahe Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,30(6):850-855.(in Chinese)
Li Y H,Wu P W,Hu J.2007.Mammalian fauna and resources in Liziping Nature Reserve,Sichuan.Sichuan Journal of Zoology,26(4):841-845.(in Chinese)
Liu D Z,Wong H M,Chu H J,Liu Y C,Zhang F,Chen G,Qi Y J.2015.Activity rhythms of Sino-Mongolia beaver(Caster fiber birulai)measured with infrared camera traps in Xinjiang,China.Arid Zone Research,32(1):205-211.(in Chinese)
Liu X P,Zhang H H,Dou H S,Liu S T,Li G H.2009.Diet composition of Nyctereutes procyonoides by dung analysis.Chinese Journal of Zoology,44(3):138-140.(in Chinese)
Linkie M,Ridout M S.2011.Assessing tiger-prey interactions in Sumatran rainforests.Journal of Zoology,284(3):224-229.
Ma S L,Ma X F,Shi W Y.2001.A Guide to Mammal Tracking in China.Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,144-145.(in Chinese)
Ma J Z,Xu L,Zhang H H,Bao X K.1999.Activity patterns of sables(Martes zibellina)in Daxinganling Mountains,China.Acta Theriologica Sinica,19(2):95-100.(in Chinese)
Meredith M,Ridout M.2016.Overlap:estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns.Version 0.2.6.https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/overlap/
O’Brien T G,Kinnaird M F,Wibisono H T.2003.Crouching tigers,hidden prey:sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape.Animal Conservation Forum,6(2):131-139.
Pierce A J,Sukumal N,Khamcha D.2014.A yellow-throated marten Martes flavigula feeding on a red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak carcase.Small Carnivore Conservation,51:76-78.
Putman R J.1984.Facts from Faeces.New York:Mammal Rev,79-97.
Reynolds J C,Aebischer N J.1991.Comparison and quantification of carnivore diet by faecal analysis:a critique,with recommendations,based on a study of the fox Vulpes vulpes.Mammal Review,21(3):97-122.
Ridout M S,Linkie M.2009.Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data.Journal of Agricultural,Biological,and Environmental Statistics,14(3):322-337.
Saro L,Sunmin L,Wonkyong S,Moung J L.2017.Habitat potential mapping of marten(Martes flavigula)and leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis)in South Korea using Artificial Neural Network Machine Learning.Applied Sciences,7(9):912.
Schoener T W.1971.Theory of feeding strategies.Annual Review of E-cology and Systematics,2(1):369-404.
Shang Y C.2014.Animal Ethology.Beijing:Peking University Press.(in Chinese)
Shang Y C.1998.Behavioral Ecology.Beijing:Peking University Press,30-31.(in Chinese)
Tang C B,Jiang J B,Huang C M,Lu C H,Zhou Q H.2017.Influence of environmental and social factors on activity rhythm and time budget of rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta)in Karst habitat.Acta Theriologica Sinica,37(2):131-138.(in Chinese)
Tsai C W.2007.Food resource partitioning between sympatric yellowthroated marten(Martes flavigula chrysosphila)and Siberian weasel(Mustela sibirica taivana).Master Thesis.School of Forestry and Resource Conservation College of Bioresources and Agriculture Taiwan University,1-82.
Wang G H,Shi Z P,Li S Q,Zhou Q H.2015.Activity patterns of Muntiacus muntjak revealed with infrared camera.Journal of Guangxi Normal University(Natural Science Edition),33(3):117-122.(in Chinese)
Wang T L,Zou B,Liu Q,Han J Q,Zhou E F.2014.Reserch on feeding habits of Mustelidae animals in Xixian County of Shanxi Province.Shanxi Science and Technology,29(5):47-49.(in Chinese)
Woo D,Choi T,Kwon H,Lee S,Lee J.2015.The food habits and habitat use of yellow-throated martens(Martes flavigula)by snow tracking in Korean temperate forest during the winter.J Environ Impact Assess,24(5):532-548.
Yu J P,Qian H Y,Chen X N,Li S,Shen X L.2017.Daily activity pattern of silver pheasant(Lophura nycthemera)using cameratraps.Chinese Journal of Zoology,52(6):937-944.(in Chinese)
Yin H B,Yu G J,Wang G L,Zhou Y B,Wu M M.2008.Studying methods of carnivore food habit.Journal of Anhui University(Natural Science Edition),32(1):90-94.(in Chinese)
Zalewski A.2001.Seasonal and sexual variation in diel activity rhythms of pine marten Martes martes in the Bia?owie 6)za National Park(Poland).Acta Theriologica,46(3):295-304.
Zalewski A.2000.Factors affecting the duration of activity by pine martens(Martes martes)in the Bia?owie 6)za National Park,Poland.The Zoological Society of London,251(4):439-447.
Zhang J J.2000.Preliminary observation on the ecological characteristics of yellow-throated marten.Hebei Journal of Forestry and Orchard Research,15:195-196.(in Chinese)
Zhang H H.1999.Evaluation on the studying methods of Carnivore food habits.Journal of Northeast Forestry University,27(4):53-56.(in Chinese)
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