城市舒适性驱动下的创意产业集聚动力机制——以南京品牌设计产业为例
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摘要
城市舒适性驱动下的创意产业集聚研究一直是国外城市研究的热点话题,然而国内相关的研究却非常稀缺。文章追溯城市舒适性理论的起源和发展,构建分析创意产业空间过程的城市舒适性指标体系,试图探讨城市舒适性对创意产业集聚的作用机理。选择南京品牌设计产业作为案例研究,通过空间自相关分析、核密度估计、空间回归模型等方法,发现城市舒适性理论在解释创意产业的空间集聚动力方面具有很强的解释力。其中,高等教育、餐饮场所、购物中心、公园、停车场等因子是驱动品牌设计公司在南京老城中心集聚的核心动力。研究一方面证实西方创意阶层的部分结论,如教育舒适性对创意产业的重要作用;另一方面,发现中国语境下城市舒适性因子的组成和内涵与西方有着一定的差异,比如夜生活和咖啡文化在中国的语境中不一定适用。因此,城市舒适性研究应着重关注区域差异,发展和构建具有中国文化特色的舒适性指标体系和概念框架。
Creative industry agglomeration driven by urban amenities have been long concerned in the international forum of geography and urban studies, while little attention was given to this issue in China over past decades. This paper presents an empirical study on clustering dynamics of brand design enterprises in Nanjing with the perspective of urban amenities theory and traces the origin and evolution of the concept of urban amenity; the difference and connection among them are discussed in this paper. In order to examine the dynamic mechanism of spatial agglomeration of creative industries in Nanjing City, we proposed an index system of urban amenities, including landscape amenity, leisure and social networking amenity, accessibility amenity, and education amenity. By using the methods of spatial autocorrelation,Kernel density analysis, as well as the ordinary-least square(OLS) model, it is suggested that there is great explanatory power in explaining the spatial clustering process of brand design enterprises in Nanjing by these urban amenity factors.In general, the factors of higher education, catering places, shopping centers, gardens or parks, parking lots are critical location drivers of brand design enterprises in Nanjing. Whereas, these factors such as nature landscape, nightlife places,café and teahouses that are highlighted by West scholars plays a minor role in the context of China. This study thus suggests that there is a great need to establish a local understanding of urban amenities index system for creativity, by underlining the particular characteristics of Chinese culture.
Creative industry agglomeration driven by urban amenities have been long concerned in the international forum of geography and urban studies, while little attention was given to this issue in China over past decades. This paper presents an empirical study on clustering dynamics of brand design enterprises in Nanjing with the perspective of urban amenities theory and traces the origin and evolution of the concept of urban amenity; the difference and connection among them are discussed in this paper. In order to examine the dynamic mechanism of spatial agglomeration of creative industries in Nanjing City, we proposed an index system of urban amenities, including landscape amenity, leisure and social networking amenity, accessibility amenity, and education amenity. By using the methods of spatial autocorrelation,Kernel density analysis, as well as the ordinary-least square(OLS) model, it is suggested that there is great explanatory power in explaining the spatial clustering process of brand design enterprises in Nanjing by these urban amenity factors.In general, the factors of higher education, catering places, shopping centers, gardens or parks, parking lots are critical location drivers of brand design enterprises in Nanjing. Whereas, these factors such as nature landscape, nightlife places,café and teahouses that are highlighted by West scholars plays a minor role in the context of China. This study thus suggests that there is a great need to establish a local understanding of urban amenities index system for creativity, by underlining the particular characteristics of Chinese culture.
引文
[1]王缉慈.超越集群[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[2]朱华晟,赵雪平,吴骏毅,等.大学与城市创意产业空间—网络构建——以北京市规划设计业为例[J].经济地理,2013,33(3):84-92.
[3]马仁锋.大都市创意空间识别研究——基于上海市创意企业分析视角[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(8):1 013-1 023.
[4]肖雁飞,刘友金,沈玉芳.上海创意产业区空间创新特点和趋势研究——一个“新经济空间”的视角[J].现代城市研究,2007,22(12):40-44.
[5]褚劲风.上海创意产业空间集聚的影响因素分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(1):102-107,129.
[6]周尚意,沈小平.北京美术产业对地方文化的嵌入性程度分析[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):26-32.
[7] Ullman E L. Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth[J]. Geographical Review,1954,44(1):119-132.
[8] Kates R W,Phillips L E. Human Response to Weather and Climate:Geographical Contributions[J]. Geographical Review,1968,58(2):262-280.
[9] Zelinsky W. Beyond the Exponentials:the Role of Geography in the Great Transition[J]. Economic Geography,1970,46(3):498-535.
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[11] Jr D H,Rubinfeld D L. Hedonic housing prices and the demand for clean air[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,1978,5(1):81-102.
[12] Giannias D,Sfakianaki E. Quality of Life Index[J]. Ans Advances in Nursing Science,1985,8(1):15-24.
[13] Graves P E. Migration with a composite amenity:the role of rents[J]. Journal of regional science,1983,23(4):541.
[14] Lopez R A,Shah F A,Altobello M A. Amenity Benefits and the Optimal Allocation of Land[J]. Land Economics,1994,70(1):53-62.
[15] Dahms F. Mccomb J.‘Counterurbanization’,interaction and functional change in a rural amenity area—A Canadian example[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1999,15(2):129-146.
[16] Florida R. The Rise of the Creative Class[J]. Washington Monthly(Revisited),2012,35(5):593-596.
[17]温婷,蔡建明,杨振山,等.国外城市舒适性研究综述与启示[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(2):249-258.
[18]温婷,林静,蔡建明,等.城市舒适性:中国城市竞争力评估的新视角及实证研判[J].地理研究,2016,35(2):214-226.
[19]喻忠磊,唐于渝,张华,等.中国城市舒适性的空间格局与影响因素[J].地理研究,2016,35(9):1 783-1 798.
[20]段楠.城市便利性,弱连接与“逃回北上广”:兼论创意阶层的区位选择[J].城市观察,2012,4(2):99-109.
[21]周京奎.城市舒适性与住宅价格、工资波动的区域性差异:对1999—2006中国城市面板数据的实证分析[J].财经研究,2009,35(9):80-91.
[22]王宁.地方消费主义,城市舒适物与产业结构优化:从消费社会学视角看产业转型升级[J].社会学研究,2010,47(5):24-28.
[23] Scott A J. Cultural economy and the creative field of the city[J]. Geografiska Annaler,2010,92(2),115-130.
[24] Florida R. Bohemia and economic geography[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2002,2(1):55-71.
[25] Wojan T R,Lambert D M,Mcgranahan D A. Emoting with their feet:Bohemian attraction to creative milieu[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2008,7(6):711-736.
[26] Lee S Y,Florida R,Acs Z. Creativity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis of new firm formation[J]. Regional Studies,2004,38(8),879-891.
[27] Wenting R,Atzema O,Frenken K. Urban Amenities and Agglomeration Economies?[J]. Urban Studies,2011,48:1 333-1 352.
[28]朱华晟,吴骏毅,魏佳丽,等.发达地区创意产业网络的驱动机理与创新影响——以上海创意设计业为例[J].地理学报,2010,65(10):1 241-1 252.
[29]李蕾蕾,彭素英.文化与创意产业集群的研究谱系和前沿:走向文化生态隐喻?[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):33-38.
[30] He S,Wu F. Property-Led Redevelopment in Post-Reform China:A Case Study of Xintiandi Redevelopment Project in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2005,27(1):1-23.
[31] Zhong S. From fabrics to fine arts:urban restructuring and the formation of an art district in Shanghai[J]. Critical planning,2009,15(16):118-137.
[32] Zheng J.‘Creative Industry Clusters’and the‘Entrepreneurial City’of Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies,2011,48(16):3 561-3 582.
[33] Tsu L C. Creative Space,Cultural Industry Clusters,and Participation of the State in Beijing[J]. Eurasian Geography&Economics,2012,53(2):197-215.
[34] Ren X,Sun M. Artistic Urbanization:Creative Industries and Creative Control in Beijing[J]. International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2012,36(3):504-521.
[35] He S. The creative spatio-temporal fix:Creative and cultural industries development in Shanghai,China[J]. Geoforum,2017,doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.017.
[36] He J L,Huang X. Agglomeration,differentiation and creative milieus:a socioeconomic analysis of location behaviour of creative enterprises in shanghai[J]. Urban Policy&Research,2016,doi:10.1080/08111146.2016.1235035.
[37] Cornish V. The scenic amenity of Great Britain. Geography[J]. Geography,1934,19(3):195-202.
[38] Argent N,Tonts M,Jones R,et al. A creativity-led rural renaissance? Amenity-led migration,the creative turn and the uneven development of rural Australia[J]. Applied Geography,2013,44(4):88-98.
[39] Diamond D B,Tolley G S. The economics of urban amenities[M]. Netherlands:Elsevier,2013.
[40] Luger M I. Quality-of-life differences and urban and regional outcomes:A review[J]. Housing Policy Debate,1996,7(4):749-771.
[41] Clark T N,Lloyd R,Wong K K,et al. Amenities drive urban growth[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2002,24(5):493-515.
[42] Gottlieb P D. Amenities as an Economic Development Tool:Is there Enough Evidence?[J]. Economic Development Quarterly,1994,8(3):270-285.
[43] Gottlieb P D. Residential Amenities,Firm Location and Economic Development[J]. Urban Studies,1995,32(9):1 413-1 436.
[44]张文忠.宜居城市的内涵及评价指标体系探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2007,14(3):30-34.
[45]张文忠.宜居城市建设的核心框架[J].地理研究,2016,35(2):205-213.
[46]吴良镛.脚踏实地,发展人居环境科学[J].科学中国人,2010,18(10):20-22.
[47] He J L,Gebhardt H. The Role of Chinese Style Social Capital(Guanxi)A Case Study of the Design Cluster at Tongji University in Shanghai[J]. Geographische Zeitschrift,2015,103(1):19-36.
[48] Hutton T A. New Economy of the Inner City[J]. Cities,2004,21(2):89-108.
[2]朱华晟,赵雪平,吴骏毅,等.大学与城市创意产业空间—网络构建——以北京市规划设计业为例[J].经济地理,2013,33(3):84-92.
[3]马仁锋.大都市创意空间识别研究——基于上海市创意企业分析视角[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(8):1 013-1 023.
[4]肖雁飞,刘友金,沈玉芳.上海创意产业区空间创新特点和趋势研究——一个“新经济空间”的视角[J].现代城市研究,2007,22(12):40-44.
[5]褚劲风.上海创意产业空间集聚的影响因素分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(1):102-107,129.
[6]周尚意,沈小平.北京美术产业对地方文化的嵌入性程度分析[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):26-32.
[7] Ullman E L. Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth[J]. Geographical Review,1954,44(1):119-132.
[8] Kates R W,Phillips L E. Human Response to Weather and Climate:Geographical Contributions[J]. Geographical Review,1968,58(2):262-280.
[9] Zelinsky W. Beyond the Exponentials:the Role of Geography in the Great Transition[J]. Economic Geography,1970,46(3):498-535.
[10] Kumagai K,Smith D M. Human geography:A welfare Approach[J]. Annals of the Association of Economic Geographers,1979,25(3):204-208.
[11] Jr D H,Rubinfeld D L. Hedonic housing prices and the demand for clean air[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics&Management,1978,5(1):81-102.
[12] Giannias D,Sfakianaki E. Quality of Life Index[J]. Ans Advances in Nursing Science,1985,8(1):15-24.
[13] Graves P E. Migration with a composite amenity:the role of rents[J]. Journal of regional science,1983,23(4):541.
[14] Lopez R A,Shah F A,Altobello M A. Amenity Benefits and the Optimal Allocation of Land[J]. Land Economics,1994,70(1):53-62.
[15] Dahms F. Mccomb J.‘Counterurbanization’,interaction and functional change in a rural amenity area—A Canadian example[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,1999,15(2):129-146.
[16] Florida R. The Rise of the Creative Class[J]. Washington Monthly(Revisited),2012,35(5):593-596.
[17]温婷,蔡建明,杨振山,等.国外城市舒适性研究综述与启示[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(2):249-258.
[18]温婷,林静,蔡建明,等.城市舒适性:中国城市竞争力评估的新视角及实证研判[J].地理研究,2016,35(2):214-226.
[19]喻忠磊,唐于渝,张华,等.中国城市舒适性的空间格局与影响因素[J].地理研究,2016,35(9):1 783-1 798.
[20]段楠.城市便利性,弱连接与“逃回北上广”:兼论创意阶层的区位选择[J].城市观察,2012,4(2):99-109.
[21]周京奎.城市舒适性与住宅价格、工资波动的区域性差异:对1999—2006中国城市面板数据的实证分析[J].财经研究,2009,35(9):80-91.
[22]王宁.地方消费主义,城市舒适物与产业结构优化:从消费社会学视角看产业转型升级[J].社会学研究,2010,47(5):24-28.
[23] Scott A J. Cultural economy and the creative field of the city[J]. Geografiska Annaler,2010,92(2),115-130.
[24] Florida R. Bohemia and economic geography[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2002,2(1):55-71.
[25] Wojan T R,Lambert D M,Mcgranahan D A. Emoting with their feet:Bohemian attraction to creative milieu[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2008,7(6):711-736.
[26] Lee S Y,Florida R,Acs Z. Creativity and entrepreneurship:A regional analysis of new firm formation[J]. Regional Studies,2004,38(8),879-891.
[27] Wenting R,Atzema O,Frenken K. Urban Amenities and Agglomeration Economies?[J]. Urban Studies,2011,48:1 333-1 352.
[28]朱华晟,吴骏毅,魏佳丽,等.发达地区创意产业网络的驱动机理与创新影响——以上海创意设计业为例[J].地理学报,2010,65(10):1 241-1 252.
[29]李蕾蕾,彭素英.文化与创意产业集群的研究谱系和前沿:走向文化生态隐喻?[J].人文地理,2008,23(2):33-38.
[30] He S,Wu F. Property-Led Redevelopment in Post-Reform China:A Case Study of Xintiandi Redevelopment Project in Shanghai[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2005,27(1):1-23.
[31] Zhong S. From fabrics to fine arts:urban restructuring and the formation of an art district in Shanghai[J]. Critical planning,2009,15(16):118-137.
[32] Zheng J.‘Creative Industry Clusters’and the‘Entrepreneurial City’of Shanghai[J]. Urban Studies,2011,48(16):3 561-3 582.
[33] Tsu L C. Creative Space,Cultural Industry Clusters,and Participation of the State in Beijing[J]. Eurasian Geography&Economics,2012,53(2):197-215.
[34] Ren X,Sun M. Artistic Urbanization:Creative Industries and Creative Control in Beijing[J]. International Journal of Urban&Regional Research,2012,36(3):504-521.
[35] He S. The creative spatio-temporal fix:Creative and cultural industries development in Shanghai,China[J]. Geoforum,2017,doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.017.
[36] He J L,Huang X. Agglomeration,differentiation and creative milieus:a socioeconomic analysis of location behaviour of creative enterprises in shanghai[J]. Urban Policy&Research,2016,doi:10.1080/08111146.2016.1235035.
[37] Cornish V. The scenic amenity of Great Britain. Geography[J]. Geography,1934,19(3):195-202.
[38] Argent N,Tonts M,Jones R,et al. A creativity-led rural renaissance? Amenity-led migration,the creative turn and the uneven development of rural Australia[J]. Applied Geography,2013,44(4):88-98.
[39] Diamond D B,Tolley G S. The economics of urban amenities[M]. Netherlands:Elsevier,2013.
[40] Luger M I. Quality-of-life differences and urban and regional outcomes:A review[J]. Housing Policy Debate,1996,7(4):749-771.
[41] Clark T N,Lloyd R,Wong K K,et al. Amenities drive urban growth[J]. Journal of Urban Affairs,2002,24(5):493-515.
[42] Gottlieb P D. Amenities as an Economic Development Tool:Is there Enough Evidence?[J]. Economic Development Quarterly,1994,8(3):270-285.
[43] Gottlieb P D. Residential Amenities,Firm Location and Economic Development[J]. Urban Studies,1995,32(9):1 413-1 436.
[44]张文忠.宜居城市的内涵及评价指标体系探讨[J].城市规划学刊,2007,14(3):30-34.
[45]张文忠.宜居城市建设的核心框架[J].地理研究,2016,35(2):205-213.
[46]吴良镛.脚踏实地,发展人居环境科学[J].科学中国人,2010,18(10):20-22.
[47] He J L,Gebhardt H. The Role of Chinese Style Social Capital(Guanxi)A Case Study of the Design Cluster at Tongji University in Shanghai[J]. Geographische Zeitschrift,2015,103(1):19-36.
[48] Hutton T A. New Economy of the Inner City[J]. Cities,2004,21(2):89-108.
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