环境中有机磷农药污染状况、来源及风险评价
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摘要
环境中农药的污染残留问题备受社会关注,尤其是食品安全这一方面.作为世界上有机磷农药(OPPs)生产和使用的大国,国内环境中OPPs的残留赋存问题尤其受到重视.残留在环境中水体、土壤、生物体的OPPs可能经口、皮肤接触、呼吸等暴露途径进入人体对人体健康造成风险.了解OPPs在国内主要江河湖泊、土壤、生物体中的残留赋存情况并进行风险评价至关重要.本文对比总结了中国环境中水体、土壤、生物体中主要OPPs的含量范围、检出率及其分布特征,并利用美国RBCA健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险评价和RQ商值法进行水生生态风险评价.结果显示,中国地表水体含量最高的5种OPPs分别是敌敌畏、乐果、对硫磷、马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷,浓度变化范围ND—30180 ng·L~(-1),北方水体的OPPs污染状况水平要高于南方水体.OPPs风险评价结果显示,地表水、土壤、蔬菜中OPPs的非致癌风险系数(HQ)分别为7.25×10~(-5)—6.93×10~(-1)、9.56×10~(-7)—5.30×10~(-2)、1.08×10~(-2)—7.01×10~(-1),都还未超过1的安全标准,对人体健康不会产生明显的不良影响.地表水中敌敌畏的致癌风险系数(R)范围为2.86×10~(-8)—6.25×10~(-6)在10~(-5)—10~(-6)安全范围内.对比地表水、土壤、蔬菜的HQ值,蔬菜中残留的单体OPPs对人体的健康风险大于地表水和土壤,水生生态风险评价结果中OPPs对糠虾和水蚤RQ值>1,处于高风险.
Contamination of pesticides in the environment has attracted public attention, especially with respect to food safety. As the world′s largest producer and consumer of organophosphorus pesticides(OPPs), the occurrence of OPPs in China′s environment is particularly emphasized. OPPs that remain in surface water, soil, and living organisms may enter the human body through mouth, skin contact, respiration, etc, and bring about health risks. It is important to understand the occurrence of OPPs in major rivers, lakes,soils, and organism in China and conduct risk assessment. This review summarized the occurrence, detection rate, and distribution characteristics of major OPPs in water bodies, soils, and organisms in the Chinese environment, and assessed health risks through US RBCA health risk assessment model and RQ quotient method for aquatic ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the five highest levels of OPPs were dichlorvos, dimethoate, parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion in Chinese surface waters, OPPs concentrations ranged from ND to 30180 ng·L~(-1). OPPs levels in northern China were higher than the south. OPPs risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk value(HQ) of OPPs in surface water, soil, and vegetables were 7.25×10~(-5)—6.93×10~(-1), 9.56×10~(-7)—5.30×10~(-2), and 1.08×10~(-2)—7.01×10~(-1). None of them yet exceeded the safety standards of 1 and would not have significant adverse effects on human health. The carcinogenic risk value(R) of dichlorvos in surface water ranged from 2.86×10~(-8) to 6.25×10~(-6), within the safety value range of 10~(-5) to 10~(-6). Comparing the HQ values of surface water, soil and vegetables, residual OPPs in vegetables had a greater exposure to human health than surface water and soil.OPPs in aquatic ecology are at high risk for Opossum Shrimp and Water Flea, value(RQ)>1.
Contamination of pesticides in the environment has attracted public attention, especially with respect to food safety. As the world′s largest producer and consumer of organophosphorus pesticides(OPPs), the occurrence of OPPs in China′s environment is particularly emphasized. OPPs that remain in surface water, soil, and living organisms may enter the human body through mouth, skin contact, respiration, etc, and bring about health risks. It is important to understand the occurrence of OPPs in major rivers, lakes,soils, and organism in China and conduct risk assessment. This review summarized the occurrence, detection rate, and distribution characteristics of major OPPs in water bodies, soils, and organisms in the Chinese environment, and assessed health risks through US RBCA health risk assessment model and RQ quotient method for aquatic ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the five highest levels of OPPs were dichlorvos, dimethoate, parathion, malathion, and methyl parathion in Chinese surface waters, OPPs concentrations ranged from ND to 30180 ng·L~(-1). OPPs levels in northern China were higher than the south. OPPs risk assessment results showed that the non-carcinogenic risk value(HQ) of OPPs in surface water, soil, and vegetables were 7.25×10~(-5)—6.93×10~(-1), 9.56×10~(-7)—5.30×10~(-2), and 1.08×10~(-2)—7.01×10~(-1). None of them yet exceeded the safety standards of 1 and would not have significant adverse effects on human health. The carcinogenic risk value(R) of dichlorvos in surface water ranged from 2.86×10~(-8) to 6.25×10~(-6), within the safety value range of 10~(-5) to 10~(-6). Comparing the HQ values of surface water, soil and vegetables, residual OPPs in vegetables had a greater exposure to human health than surface water and soil.OPPs in aquatic ecology are at high risk for Opossum Shrimp and Water Flea, value(RQ)>1.
引文
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