高温高压条件下角闪岩脆-塑性转化实验研究
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摘要
在高温高压条件下开展了天然角闪岩样品的变形实验研究,并且利用偏光显微镜和扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察,研究了在不同的温压和应变速率条件下角闪石的变形机制。实验结果表明,随着温度升高,样品的应力-应变曲线由强化逐渐转化为屈服,并且出现弱化,样品强度显著降低,随着围压增加,样品强度增大,随着应变速率降低,样品强度降低,压缩方向与样品面理斜交的实验样品强度显著降低。实验变形样品在500℃时,角闪石表现为晶内破裂和碎裂变形,其变形以脆性为主导;在600℃时,样品中发育由角闪石残斑和碎裂基质构成的碎裂组构,部分角闪石晶体出现了波状消光,角闪石以碎裂变形为主,局部具有塑性变形的特征;在700℃时,样品以晶体扭折变形为主,局部出现脱水和细粒微晶,并且含有微破裂,显示了样品以晶体扭折变形为主,含有微破裂,样品变形处于脆-塑性转换域;在800℃时,样品中基本没有发现明显的脆性变形,样品以动态重结晶作用为主,角闪石出现脱水。因此,在实验温压范围内,在500℃→600℃→700℃→800℃条件下,角闪石变形机制表现为脆性破裂→碎裂流动→晶体扭折→动态重结晶和脱水作用,显示了角闪石经历了脆性—脆-塑转化—塑性变形的变形机制。
In this paper, rheological experiments are carried out on natural hornblende under high temperature and high pressure. We used polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope to analyze the experimental samples' microstructure,investigating the mechanisms of hornblende under the condition of different temperature,pressure and strain rate. The experimental results reveal the following features of the stress-strain curves of deformed samples: As the temperature increases,the stress-strain curve of the samples changes gradually from strengthening to yielding and weakening,sample strength reduces significantly; with the increase of confining pressure,the sample strength increases; and with the decrease of strain rate,the sample strength reduces,and it significantly reduces in the samples with the compression direction heterotropic to foliation. Plenty of transgranular fractures as well as a small amount of cataclastic deformation occur in hornblendite at temperature of500℃,and the deformed sample is dominated by brittle deformation. At temperature of 600℃,porphyroclast system consisting of residual plaques and cataclastic series grows in the samples,wavy extinction appears in part of hornblende crystals, the deformation is characterized mainly by cataclastic deformation with ductile deformation,locally. At temperature of 700℃,the deformation is mainly dominated by intragranular kink,and dehydration and fine-grained microcrystalline appear locally,containing microcracks. The deformation of the sample is in the brittle-plastic transition phase; At temperature of 800℃,almost no obvious brittle deformation is observed in the deformed samples, the samples are dominated by dynamic recrystallization, and dehydration appears.Therefore,at the temperature conditions of 500℃,600℃,700℃ and 800℃,the deformation of hornblende is characterized by brittle fracture,cataclastic flow,crystal kink,dynamic recrystallization and dehydration,which shows the deformation mechanism varying from brittle to brittle-ductile,and to ductile deformation.
In this paper, rheological experiments are carried out on natural hornblende under high temperature and high pressure. We used polarizing microscope and scanning electron microscope to analyze the experimental samples' microstructure,investigating the mechanisms of hornblende under the condition of different temperature,pressure and strain rate. The experimental results reveal the following features of the stress-strain curves of deformed samples: As the temperature increases,the stress-strain curve of the samples changes gradually from strengthening to yielding and weakening,sample strength reduces significantly; with the increase of confining pressure,the sample strength increases; and with the decrease of strain rate,the sample strength reduces,and it significantly reduces in the samples with the compression direction heterotropic to foliation. Plenty of transgranular fractures as well as a small amount of cataclastic deformation occur in hornblendite at temperature of500℃,and the deformed sample is dominated by brittle deformation. At temperature of 600℃,porphyroclast system consisting of residual plaques and cataclastic series grows in the samples,wavy extinction appears in part of hornblende crystals, the deformation is characterized mainly by cataclastic deformation with ductile deformation,locally. At temperature of 700℃,the deformation is mainly dominated by intragranular kink,and dehydration and fine-grained microcrystalline appear locally,containing microcracks. The deformation of the sample is in the brittle-plastic transition phase; At temperature of 800℃,almost no obvious brittle deformation is observed in the deformed samples, the samples are dominated by dynamic recrystallization, and dehydration appears.Therefore,at the temperature conditions of 500℃,600℃,700℃ and 800℃,the deformation of hornblende is characterized by brittle fracture,cataclastic flow,crystal kink,dynamic recrystallization and dehydration,which shows the deformation mechanism varying from brittle to brittle-ductile,and to ductile deformation.
引文
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韩亮,周永胜,党嘉祥,等.2009.3GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的温度标定[J].高压物理学报,23(6):407—414.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yong-sheng,DANG Jia-xiang,et al.2009.Temperature calibration for 3GPa molten salt mediumtriaxial pressure vessel[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,23(6):407—414(in Chinese).
韩亮,周永胜,何昌荣,等.2011.3GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的围压标定[J].高压物理学报,25(3):214—220.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yong-sheng,HE Chang-rong,et al.2011.Confined pressure calibration for 3GPa molten saltmedium triaxial pressure vessel under high pressure and temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High PressurePhysics,25(3):214—220(in Chinese).
胡玲,刘俊来,纪末,等.2009.变形显微构造识别手册[M].北京:地质出版社.43—44.HU Ling,LIU Jun-lai,JI Mo,et al.2009.Deformation of Microscopic Structure Identification Manual[M].Geological Publishing House,Beijing.43—44(in Chinese).
纪沫,胡玲,刘俊来,等.2013.角闪石变形变质过程及其变形机制:以山西恒山地区斜长角闪岩为例[J].中国科学(D辑),43(1):52—60.JI Mo,HU Ling,LIU Jun-lai,et al.2012.The process and mechanisms of metamorphism and deformation ofhornblende:An example from the Hengshan Mountains,Shanxi Province[J].Science in China(Ser D),55:1987—1995.
刘贵,周永胜,姚文明,等.2013.组构对花岗片麻岩高温流变影响的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,56(7):2332—2347.LIU Gui,ZHOU Yong-sheng,YAO Wen-ming,et al.2013.Experimental study on the effect of pre-existing fabric todeformation of granitic gneiss under high temperature and pressure[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(7):2332—2347(in Chinese).
刘照星,周永胜,刘贵,等.2013.3GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定[J].高压物理学报,27(1):19—27.LIU Zhao-xing,ZHOU Yong-sheng,LIU Gui,et al.2013.Axial friction calibration for 3GPa molten salt mediumtriaxial pressure vessel under high temperature and high pressure[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,27(1):19—27(in Chinese).
苗培森.2001.恒山中深变质岩区构造样式[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地质大学.MIAO Pei-sen.2001.Tectonic style of the high-grade metamorphic terrain of Hengshan in the North China cration[D].Ph D thesis.China University of Geosciences,Beijing(in Chinese).
张晓丽,胡玲,纪沫,等.2014.北京西山官地杂岩中角闪石变形显微构造及变形机制研究[J].中国科学(D辑),44(3):429—438.doi:10.1007/s11430-013-4636-z.ZHANG Xiao-li,HU Ling,JI Mo,et al.2013.Microstructures and deformation mechanisms of hornblende in Guandicomplex,the Western Hills,Beijing[J].Science in China(Ser D),56(9):1510—1518.
Berfer A,Stünitz H.1996.Deformation mechanisms and reaction of hornblende:Examples from the Bergell tonalite(Central Alps)[J].Tectonophysics,257:149—174.
Biermann C.1981.Deformation twins in naturally deformed amphiboles[J].Nature,292(27):821—823.
Burnley P C,Kirby S H.1982.Pressure-induced embrittlement of polycrystalline tremolite Ca2Mg 5Sigo22(OH.F)2[J].Eos Trans AGU,63:1095.
Dollinger G,Blacic J D.1975.Deformation mechanisms in experimentally and naturally deformed amphiboles[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,26:409—416.
Hacker B R,Christie J M.1990.Brittle/ductile and plastic/cataclastic transition in experimentally deformed andmetamorphosed amphibolite[A].In:Duba A G et al.(eds).The Brittle-ductile Transition in Rocks.GeophysMonogr Ser,56:127—147.
Imon R,Okudaira T,Fujimoto A.2002.Dissolution and precipitation processes in the deformed amphibolites:Aexample from the ductile shear zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt,SW Japan[J].Journal of MetamorphiGeology,20:297—308.
Imon R,Okudaira T,Kanagawa K.2004.Development of shape-and lattice-preferred orientations of amphibole grainduring initial cataclastic deformation and subsequent deformation by dissolution-precipitation creep in amphibolitefrom the Ryoke metamorphic belt,SW Japan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,26:793—805.
Jiang Z,Skrotzki W.1996.Microstructure and texture of hornblende from an amphibolite of the KTB main borehol(NE-Bavaria)[J].Z Geol Wiss,24:657—669.
Kruse R,Stünitz H.1999.Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution in mafic high-temperature mylonites fromthe Jotun Nappe,southern Norway[J].Tectonophysics,33:223—249.
Liu G,Zhou Y,He C,et al.2014.An experimental study on effect of pre-existing fabric to deformation of foliatemylonite under high temperature and pressure[J].Geological Journal.doi:10.1002/gj.2611.
Nyman M W,Law R D S,Melik E A.1992.Cataclastic deformation for the development of core mantle structures iamphibole[J].Geology,20:455—458.
Passchier C W,Trouw R A J.2005.Microtectonics(2nd Edition)[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag.367.
Rooney T P,Gavasci A T,Riecker R E.1974.Mechanical twinning in experimentally and naturally deformehornblende[J].Environ Res Pap,484:AFCRL-TR-0361.
Rooney T P,Riecker R E,Gavasci A T.1975.Hornblende deformation features[J].Geology,3(7):364—366.
Skrtzki W.1992.Defect structures and deformation mechanisms in naturally deformed hornblende[J].Phys StatuSolid,131:605—624.
Tullis J.1983.Deformation of feldspars[A].In:Ribbe P H(ed).Reviews in Mineralogy-Feldspar MineralogyMineral Soc Amer,2:297—323.
Vauchez A,Tommasi A,Barruol G.1998.Rheological heterogeneity,mechanical anisotropy and deformation of thcontinental lithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,296:61—86.
韩亮,周永胜,党嘉祥,等.2009.3GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的温度标定[J].高压物理学报,23(6):407—414.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yong-sheng,DANG Jia-xiang,et al.2009.Temperature calibration for 3GPa molten salt mediumtriaxial pressure vessel[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,23(6):407—414(in Chinese).
韩亮,周永胜,何昌荣,等.2011.3GPa熔融盐固体介质高温高压三轴压力容器的围压标定[J].高压物理学报,25(3):214—220.HAN Liang,ZHOU Yong-sheng,HE Chang-rong,et al.2011.Confined pressure calibration for 3GPa molten saltmedium triaxial pressure vessel under high pressure and temperature[J].Chinese Journal of High PressurePhysics,25(3):214—220(in Chinese).
胡玲,刘俊来,纪末,等.2009.变形显微构造识别手册[M].北京:地质出版社.43—44.HU Ling,LIU Jun-lai,JI Mo,et al.2009.Deformation of Microscopic Structure Identification Manual[M].Geological Publishing House,Beijing.43—44(in Chinese).
纪沫,胡玲,刘俊来,等.2013.角闪石变形变质过程及其变形机制:以山西恒山地区斜长角闪岩为例[J].中国科学(D辑),43(1):52—60.JI Mo,HU Ling,LIU Jun-lai,et al.2012.The process and mechanisms of metamorphism and deformation ofhornblende:An example from the Hengshan Mountains,Shanxi Province[J].Science in China(Ser D),55:1987—1995.
刘贵,周永胜,姚文明,等.2013.组构对花岗片麻岩高温流变影响的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,56(7):2332—2347.LIU Gui,ZHOU Yong-sheng,YAO Wen-ming,et al.2013.Experimental study on the effect of pre-existing fabric todeformation of granitic gneiss under high temperature and pressure[J].Chinese J Geophys,56(7):2332—2347(in Chinese).
刘照星,周永胜,刘贵,等.2013.3GPa熔融盐固体介质三轴高温压力容器的轴压摩擦力标定[J].高压物理学报,27(1):19—27.LIU Zhao-xing,ZHOU Yong-sheng,LIU Gui,et al.2013.Axial friction calibration for 3GPa molten salt mediumtriaxial pressure vessel under high temperature and high pressure[J].Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics,27(1):19—27(in Chinese).
苗培森.2001.恒山中深变质岩区构造样式[D]:[学位论文].北京:中国地质大学.MIAO Pei-sen.2001.Tectonic style of the high-grade metamorphic terrain of Hengshan in the North China cration[D].Ph D thesis.China University of Geosciences,Beijing(in Chinese).
张晓丽,胡玲,纪沫,等.2014.北京西山官地杂岩中角闪石变形显微构造及变形机制研究[J].中国科学(D辑),44(3):429—438.doi:10.1007/s11430-013-4636-z.ZHANG Xiao-li,HU Ling,JI Mo,et al.2013.Microstructures and deformation mechanisms of hornblende in Guandicomplex,the Western Hills,Beijing[J].Science in China(Ser D),56(9):1510—1518.
Berfer A,Stünitz H.1996.Deformation mechanisms and reaction of hornblende:Examples from the Bergell tonalite(Central Alps)[J].Tectonophysics,257:149—174.
Biermann C.1981.Deformation twins in naturally deformed amphiboles[J].Nature,292(27):821—823.
Burnley P C,Kirby S H.1982.Pressure-induced embrittlement of polycrystalline tremolite Ca2Mg 5Sigo22(OH.F)2[J].Eos Trans AGU,63:1095.
Dollinger G,Blacic J D.1975.Deformation mechanisms in experimentally and naturally deformed amphiboles[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,26:409—416.
Hacker B R,Christie J M.1990.Brittle/ductile and plastic/cataclastic transition in experimentally deformed andmetamorphosed amphibolite[A].In:Duba A G et al.(eds).The Brittle-ductile Transition in Rocks.GeophysMonogr Ser,56:127—147.
Imon R,Okudaira T,Fujimoto A.2002.Dissolution and precipitation processes in the deformed amphibolites:Aexample from the ductile shear zone of the Ryoke metamorphic belt,SW Japan[J].Journal of MetamorphiGeology,20:297—308.
Imon R,Okudaira T,Kanagawa K.2004.Development of shape-and lattice-preferred orientations of amphibole grainduring initial cataclastic deformation and subsequent deformation by dissolution-precipitation creep in amphibolitefrom the Ryoke metamorphic belt,SW Japan[J].Journal of Structural Geology,26:793—805.
Jiang Z,Skrotzki W.1996.Microstructure and texture of hornblende from an amphibolite of the KTB main borehol(NE-Bavaria)[J].Z Geol Wiss,24:657—669.
Kruse R,Stünitz H.1999.Deformation mechanisms and phase distribution in mafic high-temperature mylonites fromthe Jotun Nappe,southern Norway[J].Tectonophysics,33:223—249.
Liu G,Zhou Y,He C,et al.2014.An experimental study on effect of pre-existing fabric to deformation of foliatemylonite under high temperature and pressure[J].Geological Journal.doi:10.1002/gj.2611.
Nyman M W,Law R D S,Melik E A.1992.Cataclastic deformation for the development of core mantle structures iamphibole[J].Geology,20:455—458.
Passchier C W,Trouw R A J.2005.Microtectonics(2nd Edition)[M].Berlin:Springer Verlag.367.
Rooney T P,Gavasci A T,Riecker R E.1974.Mechanical twinning in experimentally and naturally deformehornblende[J].Environ Res Pap,484:AFCRL-TR-0361.
Rooney T P,Riecker R E,Gavasci A T.1975.Hornblende deformation features[J].Geology,3(7):364—366.
Skrtzki W.1992.Defect structures and deformation mechanisms in naturally deformed hornblende[J].Phys StatuSolid,131:605—624.
Tullis J.1983.Deformation of feldspars[A].In:Ribbe P H(ed).Reviews in Mineralogy-Feldspar MineralogyMineral Soc Amer,2:297—323.
Vauchez A,Tommasi A,Barruol G.1998.Rheological heterogeneity,mechanical anisotropy and deformation of thcontinental lithosphere[J].Tectonophysics,296:61—86.