基于手机数据的城市公共空间活力评价方法研究——以南京市公园为例
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摘要
针对已有公共空间活力评价方法存在视角单一,对活力多样性体现不足的问题,本文在深入理解活力内涵与特征的基础上,探讨了多维视角下的公共空间活力评价方法。从个体行为、空间活动、空间交互联系网络的复合视角,围绕活力的核心,综合考虑活动类型及空间联系,提出了重访性、混合性、网络交互中心性三项测度评价指标,在此基础上构建了公共空间活力评价方法框架。以南京市公园为例,采用手机大数据,进行了公园活力的综合评价。分析表明:手机数据可从多个维度快速准确的识别城市公共空间活力现状,并展开综合评价。同时,可进一步参照活力不同维度特征的测度结果,提出具有针对性的活力营造及提升策略与路径指导,体现了本方法对已有评价方法具有一定修正和延展作用。
The vitality of public space is an important indicator of urban quality, as urban public space is important for people to attain positive experiences from public life and social interactions. Measuring the vitality of public space faces challenges, because the vitality is a multi-dimensional and nebulous concept. Meanwhile existing approaches often focus on the scale of activity to indicate vitality but lack of a comprehensive assessment of vitality. To overcome this problem this paper aims to address this research gap by proposing a multidimensional framework for a holistic evaluation of the vitality of public space. Three aspects are identified, based on theories about the vitality of public space, as critical to assessing the vitality of public space, which include individual behavior, spatial activities, and spatial interaction networks. Accordingly, three measurements, including the ratio of tourists' revisit,the degree of mixed activities, and the centrality of network interactions are proposed. Using the proposed measurements, a case study in the city of Nanjing was carried out. The vitality of 42 parks in the center city, as examples of public space, was evaluated. To measure tourists' activities, a dataset of two weeks' anonymous mobile phone signal records during the March2018 was used. The results showed that the vitalities of parks are high overall, while there are significant differences among different types of parks. In particular, parks with more comprehensive functionalities tend to show higher scores of vitalities, and parks providing one or a few specific functionalities have lower vitality and the neighborhood parks are the lowest in vitality. Moreover, the three measurements indicate variety vitality of parks. For instance, the ratios of tourists' revisit vary greatly among parks. The degree of mixed activities, in contrary,presents a cluster pattern in which most parks gained high scores. The centrality of network interactions also varies considerably among parks. A core network of parks was observed,which is composed of 22 parks such as Xuanwu Lake, Meihuashan, and Luboyuan. From a methodological perspective, an evaluation framework proposed in this study allows us to comprehensively understand and to quantitatively measure different constructs of the vitality.The measurements also provide useful insights into the design and planning of public space, as planners could optimize public space and improve the vitality based on the evaluation results.Through the higher resolution activity data, this analysis framework can be applied to analyze the vitality of small-scale space accurately, and combined with other information, such as tourists' property and space facility, to further explore the influencing factors of space vitality.
The vitality of public space is an important indicator of urban quality, as urban public space is important for people to attain positive experiences from public life and social interactions. Measuring the vitality of public space faces challenges, because the vitality is a multi-dimensional and nebulous concept. Meanwhile existing approaches often focus on the scale of activity to indicate vitality but lack of a comprehensive assessment of vitality. To overcome this problem this paper aims to address this research gap by proposing a multidimensional framework for a holistic evaluation of the vitality of public space. Three aspects are identified, based on theories about the vitality of public space, as critical to assessing the vitality of public space, which include individual behavior, spatial activities, and spatial interaction networks. Accordingly, three measurements, including the ratio of tourists' revisit,the degree of mixed activities, and the centrality of network interactions are proposed. Using the proposed measurements, a case study in the city of Nanjing was carried out. The vitality of 42 parks in the center city, as examples of public space, was evaluated. To measure tourists' activities, a dataset of two weeks' anonymous mobile phone signal records during the March2018 was used. The results showed that the vitalities of parks are high overall, while there are significant differences among different types of parks. In particular, parks with more comprehensive functionalities tend to show higher scores of vitalities, and parks providing one or a few specific functionalities have lower vitality and the neighborhood parks are the lowest in vitality. Moreover, the three measurements indicate variety vitality of parks. For instance, the ratios of tourists' revisit vary greatly among parks. The degree of mixed activities, in contrary,presents a cluster pattern in which most parks gained high scores. The centrality of network interactions also varies considerably among parks. A core network of parks was observed,which is composed of 22 parks such as Xuanwu Lake, Meihuashan, and Luboyuan. From a methodological perspective, an evaluation framework proposed in this study allows us to comprehensively understand and to quantitatively measure different constructs of the vitality.The measurements also provide useful insights into the design and planning of public space, as planners could optimize public space and improve the vitality based on the evaluation results.Through the higher resolution activity data, this analysis framework can be applied to analyze the vitality of small-scale space accurately, and combined with other information, such as tourists' property and space facility, to further explore the influencing factors of space vitality.
引文
[1]蒋涤非,李璟兮.当代城市活力营造的若干思考.新建筑,2016,(1):21-25.[Jiang Difei,Li Jingxi.Several thoughts about the making of vitality in contemporary cities.New Architecture,2016,(1):21-25.]
[2]徐杨菲,郑思齐,王江浩.城市活力:本地化消费机会的需求与供给.新建筑,2016,(1):26-31.[Xu Yangfei,Zheng Siqi,Wang Jianghao.Urban vitality:The demand and supply of local consumption amenities.New Architecture,2016,(1):26-31.]
[3]叶宇,庄宇,张灵珠,等.城市设计中活力营造的形态学探究:基于城市空间形态特征量化分析与居民活动检验.国际城市规划,2016,(1):26-33.[Ye Yu,Zhuang Yu,Zhang Lingzhu,et al.Designing urban spatial vitality from morphological perspective:a study based on quantiifed urban morphology and activities’testing.Urban Planning International,2016,(1):26-33.]
[4]姜蕾.城市街道活力的定量评估与塑造策略.大连:大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Jiang Lei.Quantitative assessment and shaping strategy of vitality of urban street.Dalian:Master Dissertation of Dalian University of Technology,2013.]
[5]高旻.基于新数据环境的城市公共空间综合质量评价研究.苏州:苏州科技大学硕士学位论文,2018.[Gao Gao.Research on the comprehensive quality evaluation of urban public space based on new data enviroment,Suzhou:Master Dissertation of Suzhou University of Science and Tevhnology,2018.]
[6]Montgomery J.Making a city:Urbanity,vitality and urban design.Journal of Urban Design,1998,3(1):93-116.
[7]Wong K,Domroes M.Users'perception of Kowloon Park,Hong Kong:Visiting patterns and scenic aspects.Chinese Geographical Science,2004,14(3):269-275.
[8]Jalaladdini S,Oktay D.Urban public spaces and vitality:A socio-spatial analysis in the streets of Cypriot towns.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2012,35:664-674.
[9]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of American Cities.New York:Random House Press,1961.
[10]扬·盖尔.交往与空间.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.[Gehl J.Life Between Buildings.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1992.]
[11]Jin X,Long Y,Sun W,et al.Evaluating cities'vitality and identifying ghost cities in China with emerging geographical data.Cities,2017,63:98-109.
[12]甄峰,秦萧,席广亮.信息时代的地理学与人文地理学创新.地理科学,2015,35(1):11-18.[Zhen Feng,Qin Xiao,XIGuangliang.The innovation of geography and human geography in the information era.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(1):11-18.]
[13]甄峰,王波.“大数据”热潮下人文地理学研究的再思考.地理研究,2015,34(5):803-811.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo.Rethinking human geography in the age of big data.Geographical Research,2015,34(5):803-811.]
[14]张程远,张淦,周海瑶.基于多元大数据的城市活力空间分析与影响机制研究:以杭州中心城区为例.建筑与文化,2017,(9):183-187.[Zhang Yuancheng,Zhang Gan,Zhou Haiyao.The analysis and influence mechanism research of urban vigorous space based on multiple big data:A case study on the partial area of central Hangzhou.Architecture&Culture,2017,(9):183-187.]
[15]Wu J,Ta N,Song Y,et al.Urban form breeds neighborhood vibrancy:A case study using a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing.Cities,2018,74:100-108.
[16]龙瀛,周垠.街道活力的量化评价及影响因素分析:以成都为例.新建筑,2016,(1):52-57.[Long Ying,Zhou Yin.Quantitative evaluation on street vibrancy and its impact factors:A case study of Chengdu.New Architecture,2016,(1):52-57.]
[17]Wu C,Ye X,Ren F,et al.Check-in behaviour and spatio-temporal vibrancy:An exploratory analysis in Shenzhen,China.Cities,2018,77:104-116.
[18]耿慧志,朱笠,杨春侠.上海陆家嘴中心区公共绿地的城市活力解析.城市建筑,2017,(16):21-23.[Geng Huizhi,Zhu Li,Yang Chunxia.Research on urban vitality of public green space in Lujiazui central district Shanghai.Urbanism and Architecture,2017,(16):21-23.]
[19]市政府关于印发南京市创建国家生态园林城市工作方案的通知.南京市人民政府公报,2018,(7):14-16.[Notice of the Municipal Government on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for the Establishment of National Ecological Garden City in Nanjing.Nanjing Municipal People's Government Gazette,2018,(7):14-16.]
[20]Csáji B C,Browet A,Traag V A,et al.Exploring the mobility of mobile phone users.Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,2013,392(6):1459-1473.
[21]钟炜菁,王德,谢栋灿,等.上海市人口分布与空间活动的动态特征研究:基于手机信令数据的探索.地理研究,2017,36(5):972-984.[Zhong Weijing,Wang De,Xie Dongcan,et al.Dynamic characteristics of Shanghai's population distribution using cell phone signaling data.Geographical Research,2017,36(5):972-984.]
[22]Gonzalez M C,Hidalgo C A,Barabasi A L.Understanding individual human mobility patterns.Nature,2008,453(7196):779-782.
[23]Balzotti C,Bragagnini A,Briani M,et al.Understanding human mobility flows from aggregated mobile phone data.https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00814,2018-06-20.
[24]甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究.地理研究,2012,31(02):197-206.[Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geographic research in the information era.Geographical Research,2012,31(02):197-206.]
[25]Barthélemy M.Spatial networks.Physics Reports,2011,499(1-3):1-101.
(1)选取公园500 m缓冲区范围内的至少含有一个手机信号基站的公园作为研究研究对象。
[2]徐杨菲,郑思齐,王江浩.城市活力:本地化消费机会的需求与供给.新建筑,2016,(1):26-31.[Xu Yangfei,Zheng Siqi,Wang Jianghao.Urban vitality:The demand and supply of local consumption amenities.New Architecture,2016,(1):26-31.]
[3]叶宇,庄宇,张灵珠,等.城市设计中活力营造的形态学探究:基于城市空间形态特征量化分析与居民活动检验.国际城市规划,2016,(1):26-33.[Ye Yu,Zhuang Yu,Zhang Lingzhu,et al.Designing urban spatial vitality from morphological perspective:a study based on quantiifed urban morphology and activities’testing.Urban Planning International,2016,(1):26-33.]
[4]姜蕾.城市街道活力的定量评估与塑造策略.大连:大连理工大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Jiang Lei.Quantitative assessment and shaping strategy of vitality of urban street.Dalian:Master Dissertation of Dalian University of Technology,2013.]
[5]高旻.基于新数据环境的城市公共空间综合质量评价研究.苏州:苏州科技大学硕士学位论文,2018.[Gao Gao.Research on the comprehensive quality evaluation of urban public space based on new data enviroment,Suzhou:Master Dissertation of Suzhou University of Science and Tevhnology,2018.]
[6]Montgomery J.Making a city:Urbanity,vitality and urban design.Journal of Urban Design,1998,3(1):93-116.
[7]Wong K,Domroes M.Users'perception of Kowloon Park,Hong Kong:Visiting patterns and scenic aspects.Chinese Geographical Science,2004,14(3):269-275.
[8]Jalaladdini S,Oktay D.Urban public spaces and vitality:A socio-spatial analysis in the streets of Cypriot towns.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2012,35:664-674.
[9]Jacobs J.The Death and Life of American Cities.New York:Random House Press,1961.
[10]扬·盖尔.交往与空间.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.[Gehl J.Life Between Buildings.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,1992.]
[11]Jin X,Long Y,Sun W,et al.Evaluating cities'vitality and identifying ghost cities in China with emerging geographical data.Cities,2017,63:98-109.
[12]甄峰,秦萧,席广亮.信息时代的地理学与人文地理学创新.地理科学,2015,35(1):11-18.[Zhen Feng,Qin Xiao,XIGuangliang.The innovation of geography and human geography in the information era.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(1):11-18.]
[13]甄峰,王波.“大数据”热潮下人文地理学研究的再思考.地理研究,2015,34(5):803-811.[Zhen Feng,Wang Bo.Rethinking human geography in the age of big data.Geographical Research,2015,34(5):803-811.]
[14]张程远,张淦,周海瑶.基于多元大数据的城市活力空间分析与影响机制研究:以杭州中心城区为例.建筑与文化,2017,(9):183-187.[Zhang Yuancheng,Zhang Gan,Zhou Haiyao.The analysis and influence mechanism research of urban vigorous space based on multiple big data:A case study on the partial area of central Hangzhou.Architecture&Culture,2017,(9):183-187.]
[15]Wu J,Ta N,Song Y,et al.Urban form breeds neighborhood vibrancy:A case study using a GPS-based activity survey in suburban Beijing.Cities,2018,74:100-108.
[16]龙瀛,周垠.街道活力的量化评价及影响因素分析:以成都为例.新建筑,2016,(1):52-57.[Long Ying,Zhou Yin.Quantitative evaluation on street vibrancy and its impact factors:A case study of Chengdu.New Architecture,2016,(1):52-57.]
[17]Wu C,Ye X,Ren F,et al.Check-in behaviour and spatio-temporal vibrancy:An exploratory analysis in Shenzhen,China.Cities,2018,77:104-116.
[18]耿慧志,朱笠,杨春侠.上海陆家嘴中心区公共绿地的城市活力解析.城市建筑,2017,(16):21-23.[Geng Huizhi,Zhu Li,Yang Chunxia.Research on urban vitality of public green space in Lujiazui central district Shanghai.Urbanism and Architecture,2017,(16):21-23.]
[19]市政府关于印发南京市创建国家生态园林城市工作方案的通知.南京市人民政府公报,2018,(7):14-16.[Notice of the Municipal Government on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan for the Establishment of National Ecological Garden City in Nanjing.Nanjing Municipal People's Government Gazette,2018,(7):14-16.]
[20]Csáji B C,Browet A,Traag V A,et al.Exploring the mobility of mobile phone users.Physica A:Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,2013,392(6):1459-1473.
[21]钟炜菁,王德,谢栋灿,等.上海市人口分布与空间活动的动态特征研究:基于手机信令数据的探索.地理研究,2017,36(5):972-984.[Zhong Weijing,Wang De,Xie Dongcan,et al.Dynamic characteristics of Shanghai's population distribution using cell phone signaling data.Geographical Research,2017,36(5):972-984.]
[22]Gonzalez M C,Hidalgo C A,Barabasi A L.Understanding individual human mobility patterns.Nature,2008,453(7196):779-782.
[23]Balzotti C,Bragagnini A,Briani M,et al.Understanding human mobility flows from aggregated mobile phone data.https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.00814,2018-06-20.
[24]甄峰,翟青,陈刚,等.信息时代移动社会理论构建与城市地理研究.地理研究,2012,31(02):197-206.[Zhen Feng,Zhai Qing,Chen Gang,et al.Mobile social theory construction and urban geographic research in the information era.Geographical Research,2012,31(02):197-206.]
[25]Barthélemy M.Spatial networks.Physics Reports,2011,499(1-3):1-101.
(1)选取公园500 m缓冲区范围内的至少含有一个手机信号基站的公园作为研究研究对象。