信息权力及其地理学研究展望
|
摘要
信息权力的出现源于信息资本主义的深刻变革。本文认为,信息权力是指行为体运用自身掌握的信息资源对其它行为体施加影响的能力。信息资源包括信息内容、信息基础设施、信息和通信技术,行为体对这三者的综合运用形成信息生产力、信息获取力、信息控制力等不同维度的信息权力。信息资源的分布组合定义了信息权力的基本格局,而行为体基于其道德取向、实际利益的互动关系包括协作、对抗等,对已有的信息权力格局进行再定义。展望地理学对于信息权力的研究,可运用于地缘政治、城市网络与地方建构等,信息权力空间格局的演化、信息权力要素及其作用机制、不同行为体之间的信息权力博弈等将成为今后信息权力研究的新课题。
With the development of globalization and informatization, the global strategic power has been forming a new power structure within the infosphere, namely "information power", whichisalso accompanied by the emergence of information capitalism.As the research on the topic of information power has been looming for nearly 20 years, these is still confusion about what it actually means, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of information power and conduct a deep discussionaboutthe related geographicalresearch progressat home and abroad. First of all,we hold that information power refers to the ability of an actor to exert influence on other actors by using information resources that he or she holds. It is to say that information power consists of two elements: information resources and actors. Then we can discuss them respectively: On the one hand, information resources include information infrastructure, information content, information and communication technology andcanbecorrespondinglytransformedto information powers about the acquisition, manufacture and the control of information. Therefor, the distribution and combination of information resources establishes the basic pattern of information power which reflect unbalanced characteristics in both state and urban scale. It's worth emphasizing that both of these two operational logic provide interesting views for us to understand the contemporary social and economic order.
With the development of globalization and informatization, the global strategic power has been forming a new power structure within the infosphere, namely "information power", whichisalso accompanied by the emergence of information capitalism.As the research on the topic of information power has been looming for nearly 20 years, these is still confusion about what it actually means, especially since several similar terms are often used interchangeably. This paper aims to clarify the meaning of information power and conduct a deep discussionaboutthe related geographicalresearch progressat home and abroad. First of all,we hold that information power refers to the ability of an actor to exert influence on other actors by using information resources that he or she holds. It is to say that information power consists of two elements: information resources and actors. Then we can discuss them respectively: On the one hand, information resources include information infrastructure, information content, information and communication technology andcanbecorrespondinglytransformedto information powers about the acquisition, manufacture and the control of information. Therefor, the distribution and combination of information resources establishes the basic pattern of information power which reflect unbalanced characteristics in both state and urban scale. It's worth emphasizing that both of these two operational logic provide interesting views for us to understand the contemporary social and economic order.
引文
[1]曼纽尔·卡斯特.网络社会的崛起[M].夏铸九,王志弘,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001:21-24.[Castells M.The Rise of the Network Society[M].Xia Zhujiu,Wang Zhihong,et al,trans.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2001:21-24.]
[2]丹·席勒.信息拜物教[M].邢立军,方军祥,凌金亮,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008:16-17.[Schiller D.How to Think about Information[M].Xing Lijun,Fang Junxiang,Ling Jinliang,trans.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2008:16-17.]
[3]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告No.16[M].北京:中国社会科学院,2018.[Ni Pengfei.China's Urban Competitiveness Report NO.16[M].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,2018.]
[4]张德霖.信息与生产力[J].生产力研究,1987(6):18-23.[Zhang Delin.Information and productivity[J].Productivity Research,1987(6):18-23.]
[5]宋振峰.信息力──信息时代国家实力的象征[J].世界经济与政治,1995(8):46-50.[Song Zhenfeng.Information power:The symbol of national power in the information age[J].World Economy and Politics,1995(8):46-50.]
[6]Nye Jr J S,Owens W A.America's information edge[J].Foreign Affairs,1996,75(2):20-36.
[7]David J L.Information power:Strategy,geopolitics,and the fifth dimension[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,1999,22(23):137-157.
[8]Jordan T.Cyberpower:The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet[M].London:Psychology Press,1999:208.
[9]肖泽群,肖万春,文建龙.区域信息力及其与区域经济发展相关性[J].系统工程,2008(6):58-67.[Xiao Zequn,Xiao Wanchun,Wen Jianlong.Regional information productivity and its correlation with regional economic development[J].Systems Engineering,2008(6):58-67.]
[10]Stuart H.Towards an evolving theory of cyberpower[J].Cryptology and Information Security Series,2009,3:18-52.
[11]Kramer F D,Starr S H,Wentz L K,eds.Cyberpower and National Security[M].Dulles:Potomac Books,Inc,2009:21-42.
[12]卡斯特.信息化城市[M].崔保国,等译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2001.[Castells M.The Informational City[M].Cui Baoguo,et al,trans.Nanjingu:Jiangsu People's Publishing House,2001.]
[13]孙中伟,路紫.流空间基本性质的地理学透视[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(1):109-112.[Sun Zhongwei,Lu Zi.A geographical perspective to the elementary nature of space of flows[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2005,21(1):109-112.]
[14]巴凯斯,路紫.从地理空间到地理网络空间的变化趋势:兼论西方学者关于电信对地区影响的研究[J].地理学报,2000,55(1):104-111.[Bakis H,Lu Zi.The change from the geographical space to geocyberspace:Review on the Western scholars on regional effects by telecommunication[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(1):34104-111.]
[15]Kitchin R,Dodge M.Code/Space:Software and Everyday Life[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2011.
[16]阎小培.西方地理学界关于信息产业与城市发展研究述评[J].人文地理,1998,13(3):13-22.[Yan Xiaopei.A review of studies on the information industry and urban development in western geographical circles[J].Human Geography,1998,13(3):13-22.]
[17]刘云刚,谢安琪,林浩曦.基于信息权力论的智慧城市建设刍议[J].人文地理,2014,29(5):8-13.[Liu Yungang,Xie Anqi,Lin Haoxi.Explanation for China's smart city plan:An information power approach[J].Human Geography,2014,29(5):8-13.]
[18]约瑟夫·奈.权力大未来[M].王吉美,译.北京:中信出版社,2012:182-192.[Nye Jr.J S.The Future of Power[M].Wang Jimei,trans.Beijing:Citic Press,2012:182-192.]
[19]Rourke J O.Information resources in Canada[J].Special Libraries,1970,61(2):59-65.
[20]乌家培.信息资源与信息经济学[J].经济学动态,1996(2):8-11.[Wu Jiapei.Information resources and information economics[J].Economic Perspectives,1996(2):8-11.]
[21]刘鸣.经济全球化条件下国家与非国家行为体的关系[J].世界经济与政治,2002(11):48-53.[Liu Ming.The relationship between state and non-state actors in the context of economic globalization[J].World Economy and Politics,2002(11):48-53.]
[22]Van der Wusten H.The distribution of political centrality in the European state system[J].Political Geography,2004,23(6):677-700.
[23]Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
[24]丁疆辉,宋周莺,刘卫东.企业ICT应用与产业链空间变化--以中国服装纺织企业为例[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):883-892.[Ding Jianghui,Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong.An empirical study on the spatial organization variation with the application of Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs):A case study of textile and apparel enterprises in China[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(4):883-892.]
[25]Taylor P J,Hoyler M,Verbruggen R.External urban relational process:Introducing central flow theory to complement central place theory[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(13):2803-2818.
[26]Hongladarom S.Information divide,information flow and global justice[C]//Capurro R,Britz J,Hausmanninger T,et al.African Information Ethics in the Context of the Global Information Society.International Review of Information Ethics,2007:77-81.
[27]Enakrire R T,Onyenania O G.Factors affecting the development of information infrastructure in Africa[J].Library Hi Tech News,2007,24(2):15-20.
[28]滕丽,王铮,庞丽,等.信息化对中国区域经济的影响[J].人文地理,2006,21(1):72-75.[Teng Li,Wang Zheng,Pang Li,et al.The effect of information on regional economy in China[J].Human Geography,2006,21(1):72-75.]
[29]Graham S,Marvin S.Splintering Urbanism:Networked Infrastructures,Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition[M].London:Routledge,2001:313.
[30]Vinciguerra S,Frenken K,Valente M.The geography of internet infrastructure:An evolutionary simulation approach based on preferential attachment[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1969-1984.
[31]Malecki E J,Wei H.A wired world:The evolving geography of submarine cables and the shift to Asia[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2009,99(2):360-382.
[32]Zuppo C M.Defining ICT in a boundaryless world:The development of a working hierarchy[J].International Journal of Managing Information Technology,2012,4(3):13-22.
[33]Hillis K.On the margins:the invisibility of communications in geography[J].Progress in Human Geography,1998,22(4):543-566.
[34]Adams P C.Cyberspace and virtual places[J].Geographical Review,1997,87(2):155-171.
[35]Adams P.Network topologies and virtual place[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1998,88(1):88-106.
[36]甄峰.信息时代的区域空间结构[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004:91-112.[Zhen Feng.Regional Spatial Structure in the Information Age[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2004:91-112.]
[37]陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.[Lu Dadao.Regional Development and Its Spatial Structure[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.]
[38]申玉铭,吴康,任旺兵.国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的研究进展[J].地理研究,2009,28(6):1494-1507.[Shen Yuming,Wu Kang,Ren Wangbing.Research progress of the spatial agglomeration on producer services[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(6):1494-1507.]
[39]Batten D F.Network cities:Creative urban agglomerations for the21st century[J].Urban Studies,1995,32(2):313-327.
[40]Corey K E.Intelligent corridors:Outcomes of electronic space policies[J].Journal of Urban Technology,2000,7(2):1-22.
[41]甄峰,张敏,刘贤腾.全球化、信息化对长江三角洲空间结构的影响[J].经济地理,2004,24(6):748-752.[Zhen Feng,Zhang Min,Liu Xianteng.Study on the influence of globalization and information on Yangtze Delta region's spatial structure[J].Economical Geography,2004,24(6):748-752.]
[42]高鑫,修春亮,魏冶.城市地理学的“流空间”视角及其中国化研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(4):32-36,160.[Gao Xin,Xiu Chunliang,Wei Ye.Study on the sinicization of"spaces of flows"basing on the visual angle of urban geography[J].Human Geography,2012,27(4):32-36,160.]
[43]刘卫东,甄峰.信息化对社会经济空间组织的影响研究[J].地理学报,2004,59(S1):67-75.[Liu Weidong,Zhen Feng.Spatial implications of new information and communication technologies[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(S1):67-75.]
[44]罗伯特·吉尔平.国际关系政治经济学[M].杨宇光,等译.北京:经济科学出版社,1989:17.[Gilpin R.The Political Economy of International Relations[M].Yang Yuguang,et al,trans.Beijing:Economic Science Press,1989:17.]
[45]史蒂文·米森.流动的权力:水如何塑造文明?[M].岳玉庆,译.北京:北京联合出版公司,2014.[Mithen S.Water and Power in the Ancient World[M].Yue Yuqing,trans.Beijing:Beijing United Publishing Co.,Ltd,2014.]
[46]Fuchs C,Horak E.Africa and the digital divide[J].Telematics and Informatics,2008,25(2):99-116.
[47]李川川.国际信息权力研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2010.[Li Chuanchuan.Research of International Information Power[D].Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2010.]
[48]Malecki E J.Hard and soft networks for urban competitiveness[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(5/6):929-945.
[49]Zook M A.Old hierarchies or new networks of centrality:The global geography of the Internet content market[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1679-1696.
[50]Sassen S.The global city:Introducing a concept[J].The Brown Journal of World Affairs,2005,11(2):27-43.
[51]Warf B.Segueways into cyberspace:Multiple geographies of the digital divide[J].Environment&Planning B:Planning&Design,2008,28(1):3-19.
[52]Jacobs J.Systems of Survival:A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics[M].New York City:Vintage,1994.
[53]王晓阳.伦敦金融中心发展机制对上海的启示--一个关系地理学的视角[J].战略决策研究,2014,5(6):70-79.[Wang Xiaoyang.Mechanisms of London's financial centre development and referential significance for Shanghai:A perspective of relational geography[J].Strategic Decision Research,2014,5(6):70-79.]
[54]Choi J H,Barnett G A,Chon B S.Comparing world city networks:A network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity linkages[J].Global Networks,2006,6(1):81-99.
[55]Kloppenburg J.Impeding dispossession,enabling repossession:Biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignty[J].Journal of Agrarian Change,2010,10(3):367-388.
[56]王明国.全球互联网治理的模式变迁、制度逻辑与重构路径[J].世界经济与政治,2015(3):47-73.[Wang Mingguo.The model change,system logic and reconstruction path of global Internet governance[J].World Economy and Politics,2015(3):47-73.]
[57]龚炜.科学技术进步与地缘政治理论发展研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2008.[Gong Wei.The Research on Interrelationship Between Science and Technology Innovation and Development of Geopolitical Theories[D].Wuhan:Central China Nomal University,2008.]
[58]赵捷,赵宝献,王世忠.关于赛博空间与赛博空间作战问题的思考[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2011,6(3):235-239.[Zhao Jie,Zhao Baoxian,Wang Shizhong.Research on cyberspace and cyberspace operations[J].Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology,2011,6(3):235-239.]
[59]鲁传颖.奥巴马政府网络空间战略面临的挑战及其调整[J].现代国际关系,2014(5):54-60.[Lu Chuanying.Challenges and adjustments of Obama administration's cyberspace strategy[J].Modern International Relations,2014(5):54-60.]
[60]尚鸿,徐晓刚,等译.美国网络空间安全战略文件汇编[M].北京:军事谊文出版社,2010.[Shang Hong,Xu Xiaogang,et al.File compilation of U.S.Cyberspace Security Strategy[M].Beijing:Yi Wen Publishing Military,2010.]
[61]吕晶华.奥巴马政府网络空间安全政策述评[J].国际观察,2011,31(2):23-29.[Lv Jinghua.Review of the Obama administration's cyberspace security policy[J].International Review,2011,31(2):23-29.]
[62]Sassen S.Losing Control?Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization[M].New York City:Columbia University Press,1996:8-10.
[63]李凯阳.从“维基解密”看信息权力的嬗变及外交影响[D].北京:外交学院,2013.[Li Kaiyang.Learn the Transition of Information Power and Its Diplomatic Impact From the Wiki Leaks Cases[D].Beijing:China Foreign Affairs University,2013.]
[64]Wasko J.Hollywood in the Information Age:Beyond the Silver Screen[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,2013.
[65]Kohara M.Information power and international security[J].Progress in Informatics Pi,2005,1(1):39-46.
[66]Hall P.Modelling the post-industrialcity[J].Futures,1997,29(4-5):311-322.
[67]姚文萃,周婕,陈虹桔,等.基于互联网公共信息流的区域网络空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):10-16.[Yao Wencui,Zhou Jie,Chen Hongju,et al.Spatial structure of regional network based on internet public information flow[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(10):10-16.]
[68]Townsend A M.Network cities and the global structure of the Internet[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1697-1716.
[69]Taylor P J,Derudder B,Hoyler M,et al.New regional geographies of the world as practised by leading advanced producer service firms in 2010[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2013,38(3):497-511.
[70]Olds K,Yeung H.Pathways to global city formation:A view from the developmental city-state of Singapore[J].Review of International Political Economy,2004,11(3):489-521.
[71]Massey D.Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place[M]//Bird J,Curtis B,Putnam T,et al,Mapping the Futures.London:Routledge,2012:75-85.
[72]钱俊希,钱丽芸,朱竑.“全球的地方感”理论述评与广州案例解读[J].人文地理,2011,26(6):40-44.[Qian Junxi,Qian Liyun,Zhu Hong.A global sense of place:Theoretical framework and a case study of Guangzhou[J].Human Geography,2011,26(6):40-44.]
[73]Zook M A,Graham M.Mapping Digi Place:Geocoded Internet Data and the Representation of Place[J].Environment&Planning B:Planning&Design,2007,34(3):466-482.
[74]Hochman N,Manovich L.Zooming into an Instagram City:Reading the local through social media[J].First Monday,2013,18(7).
[2]丹·席勒.信息拜物教[M].邢立军,方军祥,凌金亮,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008:16-17.[Schiller D.How to Think about Information[M].Xing Lijun,Fang Junxiang,Ling Jinliang,trans.Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press,2008:16-17.]
[3]倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告No.16[M].北京:中国社会科学院,2018.[Ni Pengfei.China's Urban Competitiveness Report NO.16[M].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,2018.]
[4]张德霖.信息与生产力[J].生产力研究,1987(6):18-23.[Zhang Delin.Information and productivity[J].Productivity Research,1987(6):18-23.]
[5]宋振峰.信息力──信息时代国家实力的象征[J].世界经济与政治,1995(8):46-50.[Song Zhenfeng.Information power:The symbol of national power in the information age[J].World Economy and Politics,1995(8):46-50.]
[6]Nye Jr J S,Owens W A.America's information edge[J].Foreign Affairs,1996,75(2):20-36.
[7]David J L.Information power:Strategy,geopolitics,and the fifth dimension[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,1999,22(23):137-157.
[8]Jordan T.Cyberpower:The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet[M].London:Psychology Press,1999:208.
[9]肖泽群,肖万春,文建龙.区域信息力及其与区域经济发展相关性[J].系统工程,2008(6):58-67.[Xiao Zequn,Xiao Wanchun,Wen Jianlong.Regional information productivity and its correlation with regional economic development[J].Systems Engineering,2008(6):58-67.]
[10]Stuart H.Towards an evolving theory of cyberpower[J].Cryptology and Information Security Series,2009,3:18-52.
[11]Kramer F D,Starr S H,Wentz L K,eds.Cyberpower and National Security[M].Dulles:Potomac Books,Inc,2009:21-42.
[12]卡斯特.信息化城市[M].崔保国,等译.南京:江苏人民出版社,2001.[Castells M.The Informational City[M].Cui Baoguo,et al,trans.Nanjingu:Jiangsu People's Publishing House,2001.]
[13]孙中伟,路紫.流空间基本性质的地理学透视[J].地理与地理信息科学,2005,21(1):109-112.[Sun Zhongwei,Lu Zi.A geographical perspective to the elementary nature of space of flows[J].Geography and Geo-Information Science,2005,21(1):109-112.]
[14]巴凯斯,路紫.从地理空间到地理网络空间的变化趋势:兼论西方学者关于电信对地区影响的研究[J].地理学报,2000,55(1):104-111.[Bakis H,Lu Zi.The change from the geographical space to geocyberspace:Review on the Western scholars on regional effects by telecommunication[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(1):34104-111.]
[15]Kitchin R,Dodge M.Code/Space:Software and Everyday Life[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,2011.
[16]阎小培.西方地理学界关于信息产业与城市发展研究述评[J].人文地理,1998,13(3):13-22.[Yan Xiaopei.A review of studies on the information industry and urban development in western geographical circles[J].Human Geography,1998,13(3):13-22.]
[17]刘云刚,谢安琪,林浩曦.基于信息权力论的智慧城市建设刍议[J].人文地理,2014,29(5):8-13.[Liu Yungang,Xie Anqi,Lin Haoxi.Explanation for China's smart city plan:An information power approach[J].Human Geography,2014,29(5):8-13.]
[18]约瑟夫·奈.权力大未来[M].王吉美,译.北京:中信出版社,2012:182-192.[Nye Jr.J S.The Future of Power[M].Wang Jimei,trans.Beijing:Citic Press,2012:182-192.]
[19]Rourke J O.Information resources in Canada[J].Special Libraries,1970,61(2):59-65.
[20]乌家培.信息资源与信息经济学[J].经济学动态,1996(2):8-11.[Wu Jiapei.Information resources and information economics[J].Economic Perspectives,1996(2):8-11.]
[21]刘鸣.经济全球化条件下国家与非国家行为体的关系[J].世界经济与政治,2002(11):48-53.[Liu Ming.The relationship between state and non-state actors in the context of economic globalization[J].World Economy and Politics,2002(11):48-53.]
[22]Van der Wusten H.The distribution of political centrality in the European state system[J].Political Geography,2004,23(6):677-700.
[23]Sassen S.The Global City:New York,London,Tokyo[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991.
[24]丁疆辉,宋周莺,刘卫东.企业ICT应用与产业链空间变化--以中国服装纺织企业为例[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):883-892.[Ding Jianghui,Song Zhouying,Liu Weidong.An empirical study on the spatial organization variation with the application of Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs):A case study of textile and apparel enterprises in China[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(4):883-892.]
[25]Taylor P J,Hoyler M,Verbruggen R.External urban relational process:Introducing central flow theory to complement central place theory[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(13):2803-2818.
[26]Hongladarom S.Information divide,information flow and global justice[C]//Capurro R,Britz J,Hausmanninger T,et al.African Information Ethics in the Context of the Global Information Society.International Review of Information Ethics,2007:77-81.
[27]Enakrire R T,Onyenania O G.Factors affecting the development of information infrastructure in Africa[J].Library Hi Tech News,2007,24(2):15-20.
[28]滕丽,王铮,庞丽,等.信息化对中国区域经济的影响[J].人文地理,2006,21(1):72-75.[Teng Li,Wang Zheng,Pang Li,et al.The effect of information on regional economy in China[J].Human Geography,2006,21(1):72-75.]
[29]Graham S,Marvin S.Splintering Urbanism:Networked Infrastructures,Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition[M].London:Routledge,2001:313.
[30]Vinciguerra S,Frenken K,Valente M.The geography of internet infrastructure:An evolutionary simulation approach based on preferential attachment[J].Urban Studies,2010,47(9):1969-1984.
[31]Malecki E J,Wei H.A wired world:The evolving geography of submarine cables and the shift to Asia[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2009,99(2):360-382.
[32]Zuppo C M.Defining ICT in a boundaryless world:The development of a working hierarchy[J].International Journal of Managing Information Technology,2012,4(3):13-22.
[33]Hillis K.On the margins:the invisibility of communications in geography[J].Progress in Human Geography,1998,22(4):543-566.
[34]Adams P C.Cyberspace and virtual places[J].Geographical Review,1997,87(2):155-171.
[35]Adams P.Network topologies and virtual place[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1998,88(1):88-106.
[36]甄峰.信息时代的区域空间结构[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004:91-112.[Zhen Feng.Regional Spatial Structure in the Information Age[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2004:91-112.]
[37]陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.[Lu Dadao.Regional Development and Its Spatial Structure[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.]
[38]申玉铭,吴康,任旺兵.国内外生产性服务业空间集聚的研究进展[J].地理研究,2009,28(6):1494-1507.[Shen Yuming,Wu Kang,Ren Wangbing.Research progress of the spatial agglomeration on producer services[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(6):1494-1507.]
[39]Batten D F.Network cities:Creative urban agglomerations for the21st century[J].Urban Studies,1995,32(2):313-327.
[40]Corey K E.Intelligent corridors:Outcomes of electronic space policies[J].Journal of Urban Technology,2000,7(2):1-22.
[41]甄峰,张敏,刘贤腾.全球化、信息化对长江三角洲空间结构的影响[J].经济地理,2004,24(6):748-752.[Zhen Feng,Zhang Min,Liu Xianteng.Study on the influence of globalization and information on Yangtze Delta region's spatial structure[J].Economical Geography,2004,24(6):748-752.]
[42]高鑫,修春亮,魏冶.城市地理学的“流空间”视角及其中国化研究[J].人文地理,2012,27(4):32-36,160.[Gao Xin,Xiu Chunliang,Wei Ye.Study on the sinicization of"spaces of flows"basing on the visual angle of urban geography[J].Human Geography,2012,27(4):32-36,160.]
[43]刘卫东,甄峰.信息化对社会经济空间组织的影响研究[J].地理学报,2004,59(S1):67-75.[Liu Weidong,Zhen Feng.Spatial implications of new information and communication technologies[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(S1):67-75.]
[44]罗伯特·吉尔平.国际关系政治经济学[M].杨宇光,等译.北京:经济科学出版社,1989:17.[Gilpin R.The Political Economy of International Relations[M].Yang Yuguang,et al,trans.Beijing:Economic Science Press,1989:17.]
[45]史蒂文·米森.流动的权力:水如何塑造文明?[M].岳玉庆,译.北京:北京联合出版公司,2014.[Mithen S.Water and Power in the Ancient World[M].Yue Yuqing,trans.Beijing:Beijing United Publishing Co.,Ltd,2014.]
[46]Fuchs C,Horak E.Africa and the digital divide[J].Telematics and Informatics,2008,25(2):99-116.
[47]李川川.国际信息权力研究[D].成都:电子科技大学,2010.[Li Chuanchuan.Research of International Information Power[D].Chengdu:University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2010.]
[48]Malecki E J.Hard and soft networks for urban competitiveness[J].Urban Studies,2002,39(5/6):929-945.
[49]Zook M A.Old hierarchies or new networks of centrality:The global geography of the Internet content market[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1679-1696.
[50]Sassen S.The global city:Introducing a concept[J].The Brown Journal of World Affairs,2005,11(2):27-43.
[51]Warf B.Segueways into cyberspace:Multiple geographies of the digital divide[J].Environment&Planning B:Planning&Design,2008,28(1):3-19.
[52]Jacobs J.Systems of Survival:A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics[M].New York City:Vintage,1994.
[53]王晓阳.伦敦金融中心发展机制对上海的启示--一个关系地理学的视角[J].战略决策研究,2014,5(6):70-79.[Wang Xiaoyang.Mechanisms of London's financial centre development and referential significance for Shanghai:A perspective of relational geography[J].Strategic Decision Research,2014,5(6):70-79.]
[54]Choi J H,Barnett G A,Chon B S.Comparing world city networks:A network analysis of Internet backbone and air transport intercity linkages[J].Global Networks,2006,6(1):81-99.
[55]Kloppenburg J.Impeding dispossession,enabling repossession:Biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignty[J].Journal of Agrarian Change,2010,10(3):367-388.
[56]王明国.全球互联网治理的模式变迁、制度逻辑与重构路径[J].世界经济与政治,2015(3):47-73.[Wang Mingguo.The model change,system logic and reconstruction path of global Internet governance[J].World Economy and Politics,2015(3):47-73.]
[57]龚炜.科学技术进步与地缘政治理论发展研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2008.[Gong Wei.The Research on Interrelationship Between Science and Technology Innovation and Development of Geopolitical Theories[D].Wuhan:Central China Nomal University,2008.]
[58]赵捷,赵宝献,王世忠.关于赛博空间与赛博空间作战问题的思考[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2011,6(3):235-239.[Zhao Jie,Zhao Baoxian,Wang Shizhong.Research on cyberspace and cyberspace operations[J].Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology,2011,6(3):235-239.]
[59]鲁传颖.奥巴马政府网络空间战略面临的挑战及其调整[J].现代国际关系,2014(5):54-60.[Lu Chuanying.Challenges and adjustments of Obama administration's cyberspace strategy[J].Modern International Relations,2014(5):54-60.]
[60]尚鸿,徐晓刚,等译.美国网络空间安全战略文件汇编[M].北京:军事谊文出版社,2010.[Shang Hong,Xu Xiaogang,et al.File compilation of U.S.Cyberspace Security Strategy[M].Beijing:Yi Wen Publishing Military,2010.]
[61]吕晶华.奥巴马政府网络空间安全政策述评[J].国际观察,2011,31(2):23-29.[Lv Jinghua.Review of the Obama administration's cyberspace security policy[J].International Review,2011,31(2):23-29.]
[62]Sassen S.Losing Control?Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization[M].New York City:Columbia University Press,1996:8-10.
[63]李凯阳.从“维基解密”看信息权力的嬗变及外交影响[D].北京:外交学院,2013.[Li Kaiyang.Learn the Transition of Information Power and Its Diplomatic Impact From the Wiki Leaks Cases[D].Beijing:China Foreign Affairs University,2013.]
[64]Wasko J.Hollywood in the Information Age:Beyond the Silver Screen[M].Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons,2013.
[65]Kohara M.Information power and international security[J].Progress in Informatics Pi,2005,1(1):39-46.
[66]Hall P.Modelling the post-industrialcity[J].Futures,1997,29(4-5):311-322.
[67]姚文萃,周婕,陈虹桔,等.基于互联网公共信息流的区域网络空间结构研究[J].经济地理,2017,37(10):10-16.[Yao Wencui,Zhou Jie,Chen Hongju,et al.Spatial structure of regional network based on internet public information flow[J].Economic Geography,2017,37(10):10-16.]
[68]Townsend A M.Network cities and the global structure of the Internet[J].American Behavioral Scientist,2001,44(10):1697-1716.
[69]Taylor P J,Derudder B,Hoyler M,et al.New regional geographies of the world as practised by leading advanced producer service firms in 2010[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2013,38(3):497-511.
[70]Olds K,Yeung H.Pathways to global city formation:A view from the developmental city-state of Singapore[J].Review of International Political Economy,2004,11(3):489-521.
[71]Massey D.Power-geometry and a progressive sense of place[M]//Bird J,Curtis B,Putnam T,et al,Mapping the Futures.London:Routledge,2012:75-85.
[72]钱俊希,钱丽芸,朱竑.“全球的地方感”理论述评与广州案例解读[J].人文地理,2011,26(6):40-44.[Qian Junxi,Qian Liyun,Zhu Hong.A global sense of place:Theoretical framework and a case study of Guangzhou[J].Human Geography,2011,26(6):40-44.]
[73]Zook M A,Graham M.Mapping Digi Place:Geocoded Internet Data and the Representation of Place[J].Environment&Planning B:Planning&Design,2007,34(3):466-482.
[74]Hochman N,Manovich L.Zooming into an Instagram City:Reading the local through social media[J].First Monday,2013,18(7).