从国家间到多尺度的政治地理学:日本的历程与启示
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摘要
二战后日本政治地理学经历了盛极而衰之后再起步的曲折历程,政治地理学一度成为日本地理学中最不活跃的分支学科,也少有学者出席相关的学术活动。但是,20世纪90年代以后,这种状况发生了转变,政治地理学在日本再度兴起。本文通过分析在日本政治地理学相关出版物的变化,考察了二战结束以来政治地理学在日本复兴并被重新建构的过程。研究发现,与地缘政治和领土相关的出版物在日本比较多,经历了两个高峰,而最近又处于增长趋势。政治地理学在此期间经历了由国家间地缘政治向多尺度的政治地理学的转变。基于日本政治地理学的发展历程,本文认为,未来包括中日韩在内的东亚政治地理学的发展尤其要重视以下三点:一是要注重东方国家政治地理学的独特性;二是要警惕回归到作为治国方略的古典地缘政治学的危险性;三是要充分认识多尺度视角的重要意义。本文认为,这三方面的努力,将有可能使东亚政治地理学为当代世界政治地图的领域性和复杂性理解做出独有的贡献。
The postwar histories of political geography in Japan in particular are not necessarily prominent.Political geography had basically been one of the most inactive sub-fields in postwar Japanese geographywith a limited number of scholars and published works. This, however, is not necessarily the case now. Political geography is a reemerging field in Japan. In this paper, by specifying general trends in the publication on political geography and geopolitics, the authors first illustrates how political geography has been reemerging and critically reconstructed in Japan since the beginning of the 1990 sto show its prewar involvement in classical geopolitics and postwar "slow" development of renewed political geography. From this comparison,they identifies recent parallel rise of publication on geopolitics and territory and proposes three future research orientations in political geographies of East Asia ― the necessity of critical reflection on the historical development of political geography rooted in the 19 th century, the danger of returning straight to classical geopolitics as an art for statecraft, and the significance of multi-scalar perspectives. They conclude that without these orientations it would be difficult to elucidate the spatiality, territoriality, and complexity of the contemporary world political map.
The postwar histories of political geography in Japan in particular are not necessarily prominent.Political geography had basically been one of the most inactive sub-fields in postwar Japanese geographywith a limited number of scholars and published works. This, however, is not necessarily the case now. Political geography is a reemerging field in Japan. In this paper, by specifying general trends in the publication on political geography and geopolitics, the authors first illustrates how political geography has been reemerging and critically reconstructed in Japan since the beginning of the 1990 sto show its prewar involvement in classical geopolitics and postwar "slow" development of renewed political geography. From this comparison,they identifies recent parallel rise of publication on geopolitics and territory and proposes three future research orientations in political geographies of East Asia ― the necessity of critical reflection on the historical development of political geography rooted in the 19 th century, the danger of returning straight to classical geopolitics as an art for statecraft, and the significance of multi-scalar perspectives. They conclude that without these orientations it would be difficult to elucidate the spatiality, territoriality, and complexity of the contemporary world political map.
引文
[1]Yamazaki T,Takagi A,Kitagawa S,et al.Reemerging political geography in Japan[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2012,64(6):72-94.
[2]Berry B J L.Review of international regions and the international system by B.M.Russett:A study in political ecology[J].Geographical Review,1969,59(3):450-451.
[3]Shibata Y.Saneshige Komaki's"Japanese geopolitics"and its ideological establishment[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2006,58:1-19.(in Japanese).
[4]Fukushima Y.Methodological reflections of geography and geopolitics[J].Annals of Ochanomizu Geographical Society,1991,32:1-8.(in Japanese).
[5]Fukushima Y.Japanese geopolitics and its background:What is the real legacy of the past?[J].Political Geography,1997,16(5):407-421.
[6]Okada T.Jiro Yonekura(1909-)'s commitment to the Japanese policy and his geographical studies during the wartime between 1931and 1945[J].Geographical Science,1998,53:73-96.
[7]Ratzel F.Politische Geographie[M].München:R.Oldenbourg,1897.
[8]Kjellén R.Staten SomLifsform[M].Stockholm:Hugo GebersF?rlag,1916.
[9]Yamazaki T.Political geography in post-war Japan:Publication tendencies[J].Political Geography,1997,16:325-344.
[10]Taylor P J.Political geography[M]//Johnston R J,et al.The Dictionary of Human Geography(4th ed.).Oxford:Blackwell,2000:594-597.
[11]Kiuchi S.Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Asakurashoten,1968.
[12]Jackson W A D,Yokoyama S.Modern Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Taimeido,1979.
[13]Yamazaki T.Issues in Anglo-American political geography[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2001,53:532-555.(in Japanese).
[14]Yokoyama S.Review on the development of the American political geography[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,1977,29:370-399.(in Japanese).
[15]Takagi A.The world-systems analysis and new trends in political geography[J].Geographical Review of Japan,1991,64:839-858.(in Japanese).
[16]Yamazaki T.The nation-state and nationalism in an era of globalization:Research trends in Anglophone countries[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2001,74:512-533.(in Japanese).
[17]Yamazaki T,Kumagai M.The acceptance of political geography in Japan:A citation analysis of the'international'journal[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2009,82(1):31-41.
[18]Taylor P J.Political Geography:World-Economy,Nation-State,and Locality(2nd ed.).[Sekaishisutemu no seijichiri:Sekai-keizai,kokumin-kokka,chiho.jo,ge](in Japanese)(trans.by A.Takagi)[M].Tokyo:Taimeido,1991,1992.(Original work published 1989).
[19]Takagi A.Foreign geographers'eyes looking at Japanese political geography:Closing the regional conference of the IGU commission on world Political map[J].Geography,1994,39(1):107-113.(In Japanese).
[20]Rumley D,et al.Global Geopolitical Change and the Asia-Pacific:A Regional Perspective[M].Aldershot:Avebury,1996.
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[22]Takagi A,et al.Political Geography in Japan[Nihon no seijichirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Kokon Shoin,2002.
[23]Mizuuchi T,et al.Political Geography of Space[Kukan no seijichiri](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Asakurashoten,2005.
[24]Yamazaki T.Space,Place,and Politics:Towards a Geography of Politics[Seiji,kukan,basho:Seiji nochirigakunimukete](in Japanese)[M].Kyoto:Nakanishiya Shuppan,2010..
[25]Yamazaki T.Space,place,and politics:Towards a geography of politics,revised edition[Seiji,kukan,basho:Seiji no chirigakunimukete,kaiteiban](in Japanese)[M].Kyoto:Nakanishiya Shuppan,2013.
[26]Yamazaki T,Kumagai M.The acceptance of political geography in Japan:A citation analysis of the'international'journal[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2009,82(1):31-41.
[27]Takagi A.Japanese nationalism and geopolitical thought[J].Geopolitics,1998,3(3):125-139.
[28]Maeda Y.Creating a diversified community:Community safety activity in Musashino City[J].Japan Geoforum,2012,43(2):342-352.
[29]Yamazaki T.Is Japan leaking?Globalisation,reterritorialisation,and identity in the Asia-Pacific context[J].Geopolitics,2002,7(1):165-192.
[30]Yamazaki T.Will the election of Obama bring about any real"change"in East Asia?A Japanese perspective[J].Political Geography,2010,29:8-10.
[31]Yamazaki T.Thereinstitutionalization of island identities in Japan[M]//Kaplan D,Herb G,eds.Scaling Identities:Nationalism and Territoriality.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,2017.
[32]Yamazaki T.Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M]//Human Geographical Society of Japan,ed.Dictionary of Human Geography[Jinbunchirigakujiten].Tokyo:Maruzen,2013.
[33]Iwashita A.Introduction to Border Studies[Nyumonkokkyogaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Chuo koronsha,2016.
[34]Gakkai C S.States and Regional Societies Under Re-scaling[Rescaling kanokokka to chiiki shakai](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Harvest sha,2012.
[35]Naruse A.Geopolitical awareness and criticism[J].Geographical Review of Japan,1997,70:156-166.(in Japanese).
[36]Kitagawa S.Place and new right politics:Discursive practice on"Padania"of the Lega Nord in Italy[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2004,56:134-153.(in Japanese).
[37]Takagi A.Geopolitics and discourse(in Japanese)[M]//Mizuuchi T.ed.Kukan no seijichiri.Tokyo:Asakura Shoten,2005:1-23.
[38]Flint C.Introduction to geopolitics[Gendaichiseigaku:Globaljidai no atarashiiapurochi](in Japanese)(trans.by Takagi A,et al.)(2nd ed)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2014.(Original workpublished 2011).
[39]Yokoyama S.Political geography of international relations:Modern geopolitics[Kokusaikaineinoseijichirigaku:Gendai no chiseigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Kokon-shoin,2014.
[40]Cabinet Office.Public opinion survey ondiplomacy[EB//OL](2016-08-07).http://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h27/h27-gaiko/2-1.html.
[41]Mackinder H.Democratic Ideals and Reality:A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction[Makkinda no chiseigaku:Demokurashi no riso to genjitsu](in Japanese)(trans.by Y.Somura)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2008.(Original work published 1919).
[42]Mahan A T.The influence of sea power upon history,1660-1783[Kaijou kenryokushiron](in Japanese)(trans.by K.Kitamura)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2008.(Original work published1890).
[43]Spykman N J.The Geography of the Peace[Heiwa no chiseigaku:Amerika sekai senryaku no genten](in Japanese)(trans.by M.Okuyama)[M].Tokyo:FuyoShobo,2008.(Original workpublished1944).
[44]Kaplan R D.The Revenge of Geography[Chiseigaku no gyakushu:"Kageno CIA gayosokusuruhaken no sekaichizu](in Japanese)(trans.by Sakurai Y)[M].Tokyo:Asahi shimbun Shuppan,2014.(Original work published 2012).
[45]DU Debin,DUAN Dezhong,LIU Chengliang,et al.Twenty-five years of progress in geopolitics research:Efforts from China's geographers[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(8):1223-1242.
[46]Liu Y,Wang F,An N.The dualityof political geography in China:Integration and challenges[J].Geopolitics,2018.DOI:10.1080/14650045.2018.1465042.
[47]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[48]Im D S.Retrospect and prospect of political geography and generalsynoptic part of human geography in Korea[J].The Korean Geographical Society,1996,31(2):295-308.(in Korean).
[49]Tuathail Gó.Critical Geopolitics:The Politics of Writing Global Space[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1996.
[2]Berry B J L.Review of international regions and the international system by B.M.Russett:A study in political ecology[J].Geographical Review,1969,59(3):450-451.
[3]Shibata Y.Saneshige Komaki's"Japanese geopolitics"and its ideological establishment[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2006,58:1-19.(in Japanese).
[4]Fukushima Y.Methodological reflections of geography and geopolitics[J].Annals of Ochanomizu Geographical Society,1991,32:1-8.(in Japanese).
[5]Fukushima Y.Japanese geopolitics and its background:What is the real legacy of the past?[J].Political Geography,1997,16(5):407-421.
[6]Okada T.Jiro Yonekura(1909-)'s commitment to the Japanese policy and his geographical studies during the wartime between 1931and 1945[J].Geographical Science,1998,53:73-96.
[7]Ratzel F.Politische Geographie[M].München:R.Oldenbourg,1897.
[8]Kjellén R.Staten SomLifsform[M].Stockholm:Hugo GebersF?rlag,1916.
[9]Yamazaki T.Political geography in post-war Japan:Publication tendencies[J].Political Geography,1997,16:325-344.
[10]Taylor P J.Political geography[M]//Johnston R J,et al.The Dictionary of Human Geography(4th ed.).Oxford:Blackwell,2000:594-597.
[11]Kiuchi S.Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Asakurashoten,1968.
[12]Jackson W A D,Yokoyama S.Modern Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Taimeido,1979.
[13]Yamazaki T.Issues in Anglo-American political geography[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2001,53:532-555.(in Japanese).
[14]Yokoyama S.Review on the development of the American political geography[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,1977,29:370-399.(in Japanese).
[15]Takagi A.The world-systems analysis and new trends in political geography[J].Geographical Review of Japan,1991,64:839-858.(in Japanese).
[16]Yamazaki T.The nation-state and nationalism in an era of globalization:Research trends in Anglophone countries[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2001,74:512-533.(in Japanese).
[17]Yamazaki T,Kumagai M.The acceptance of political geography in Japan:A citation analysis of the'international'journal[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2009,82(1):31-41.
[18]Taylor P J.Political Geography:World-Economy,Nation-State,and Locality(2nd ed.).[Sekaishisutemu no seijichiri:Sekai-keizai,kokumin-kokka,chiho.jo,ge](in Japanese)(trans.by A.Takagi)[M].Tokyo:Taimeido,1991,1992.(Original work published 1989).
[19]Takagi A.Foreign geographers'eyes looking at Japanese political geography:Closing the regional conference of the IGU commission on world Political map[J].Geography,1994,39(1):107-113.(In Japanese).
[20]Rumley D,et al.Global Geopolitical Change and the Asia-Pacific:A Regional Perspective[M].Aldershot:Avebury,1996.
[21]Takagi A,et al.Global geopolitical change and the Asia-Pacific:Aregional perspective[Ajia-taiheiyo to kokusaikaikei no hendo:Sonochiseigakutekitenbo](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Kokonshoin,1998.
[22]Takagi A,et al.Political Geography in Japan[Nihon no seijichirigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Kokon Shoin,2002.
[23]Mizuuchi T,et al.Political Geography of Space[Kukan no seijichiri](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Asakurashoten,2005.
[24]Yamazaki T.Space,Place,and Politics:Towards a Geography of Politics[Seiji,kukan,basho:Seiji nochirigakunimukete](in Japanese)[M].Kyoto:Nakanishiya Shuppan,2010..
[25]Yamazaki T.Space,place,and politics:Towards a geography of politics,revised edition[Seiji,kukan,basho:Seiji no chirigakunimukete,kaiteiban](in Japanese)[M].Kyoto:Nakanishiya Shuppan,2013.
[26]Yamazaki T,Kumagai M.The acceptance of political geography in Japan:A citation analysis of the'international'journal[J].Geographical Review of Japan,2009,82(1):31-41.
[27]Takagi A.Japanese nationalism and geopolitical thought[J].Geopolitics,1998,3(3):125-139.
[28]Maeda Y.Creating a diversified community:Community safety activity in Musashino City[J].Japan Geoforum,2012,43(2):342-352.
[29]Yamazaki T.Is Japan leaking?Globalisation,reterritorialisation,and identity in the Asia-Pacific context[J].Geopolitics,2002,7(1):165-192.
[30]Yamazaki T.Will the election of Obama bring about any real"change"in East Asia?A Japanese perspective[J].Political Geography,2010,29:8-10.
[31]Yamazaki T.Thereinstitutionalization of island identities in Japan[M]//Kaplan D,Herb G,eds.Scaling Identities:Nationalism and Territoriality.Lanham:Rowman&Littlefield,2017.
[32]Yamazaki T.Political Geography[Seiji chirigaku](in Japanese)[M]//Human Geographical Society of Japan,ed.Dictionary of Human Geography[Jinbunchirigakujiten].Tokyo:Maruzen,2013.
[33]Iwashita A.Introduction to Border Studies[Nyumonkokkyogaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Chuo koronsha,2016.
[34]Gakkai C S.States and Regional Societies Under Re-scaling[Rescaling kanokokka to chiiki shakai](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Harvest sha,2012.
[35]Naruse A.Geopolitical awareness and criticism[J].Geographical Review of Japan,1997,70:156-166.(in Japanese).
[36]Kitagawa S.Place and new right politics:Discursive practice on"Padania"of the Lega Nord in Italy[J].Japanese Journal of Human Geography,2004,56:134-153.(in Japanese).
[37]Takagi A.Geopolitics and discourse(in Japanese)[M]//Mizuuchi T.ed.Kukan no seijichiri.Tokyo:Asakura Shoten,2005:1-23.
[38]Flint C.Introduction to geopolitics[Gendaichiseigaku:Globaljidai no atarashiiapurochi](in Japanese)(trans.by Takagi A,et al.)(2nd ed)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2014.(Original workpublished 2011).
[39]Yokoyama S.Political geography of international relations:Modern geopolitics[Kokusaikaineinoseijichirigaku:Gendai no chiseigaku](in Japanese)[M].Tokyo:Kokon-shoin,2014.
[40]Cabinet Office.Public opinion survey ondiplomacy[EB//OL](2016-08-07).http://survey.gov-online.go.jp/h27/h27-gaiko/2-1.html.
[41]Mackinder H.Democratic Ideals and Reality:A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction[Makkinda no chiseigaku:Demokurashi no riso to genjitsu](in Japanese)(trans.by Y.Somura)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2008.(Original work published 1919).
[42]Mahan A T.The influence of sea power upon history,1660-1783[Kaijou kenryokushiron](in Japanese)(trans.by K.Kitamura)[M].Tokyo:Hara shobo,2008.(Original work published1890).
[43]Spykman N J.The Geography of the Peace[Heiwa no chiseigaku:Amerika sekai senryaku no genten](in Japanese)(trans.by M.Okuyama)[M].Tokyo:FuyoShobo,2008.(Original workpublished1944).
[44]Kaplan R D.The Revenge of Geography[Chiseigaku no gyakushu:"Kageno CIA gayosokusuruhaken no sekaichizu](in Japanese)(trans.by Sakurai Y)[M].Tokyo:Asahi shimbun Shuppan,2014.(Original work published 2012).
[45]DU Debin,DUAN Dezhong,LIU Chengliang,et al.Twenty-five years of progress in geopolitics research:Efforts from China's geographers[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2016,26(8):1223-1242.
[46]Liu Y,Wang F,An N.The dualityof political geography in China:Integration and challenges[J].Geopolitics,2018.DOI:10.1080/14650045.2018.1465042.
[47]Agnew J.The territorial trap:The geographical assumptions of international relations theory[J].Review of International Political Economy,1994,1(1):53-80.
[48]Im D S.Retrospect and prospect of political geography and generalsynoptic part of human geography in Korea[J].The Korean Geographical Society,1996,31(2):295-308.(in Korean).
[49]Tuathail Gó.Critical Geopolitics:The Politics of Writing Global Space[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,1996.