1990-2014年西藏季节冻土最大冻结深度的时空变化
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摘要
最大冻结深度是季节冻土变化的主要指标,也是季节冻土地区工程设计、建设、运营的重要参数。通过斯蒂芬(Stefan)方法计算了1990-2014年西藏地区季节冻土的最大冻结深度,分析了其时空变化特征,结果表明:近25 a西藏地区季节冻土最大冻结深度在空间分布具有垂直分带性、纬度地带性和区域性等规律,基本上呈自西北向东南方向递减的空间分布特征;时间上,在全球气候变暖的背景下,最大冻结深度基本呈逐年减薄的特征。西藏地区季节冻土最大冻结深度与年平均气温和年降水量呈现负相关,随着年平均气温和年降水量的上升,最大冻结深度呈减小的趋势,且最大冻结深度对年平均气温的响应比对年降水量的响应显著。
The maximum frozen depth is the major index of the change in seasonally frozen soil. It is also an important parameter for the engineering design,construction and operation in seasonal frozen soil regions. The maximum frozen depth of seasonal frozen soil in Tibet from 1990 to 2014 were calculated by Stefan' s method.The temporal and spatial variations of the maximum frozen depth were analyzed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of the maximum frozen depth in Tibet had the characteristics of vertical zonality,latitude zonality and regional regularity,which had basically decreased from northwest to southeast from 1990 to 2014. In the context of global warming,the maximum frozen depth had decreased from 1990 to 2014. The maximum frozen depth had a negative correlation with the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation; the maximum frost depth decreased with the increase of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. Beside,the response of maximum frozen depth to annual mean temperature was more significant than that to annual precipitation.
The maximum frozen depth is the major index of the change in seasonally frozen soil. It is also an important parameter for the engineering design,construction and operation in seasonal frozen soil regions. The maximum frozen depth of seasonal frozen soil in Tibet from 1990 to 2014 were calculated by Stefan' s method.The temporal and spatial variations of the maximum frozen depth were analyzed. The results indicated that the spatial distribution of the maximum frozen depth in Tibet had the characteristics of vertical zonality,latitude zonality and regional regularity,which had basically decreased from northwest to southeast from 1990 to 2014. In the context of global warming,the maximum frozen depth had decreased from 1990 to 2014. The maximum frozen depth had a negative correlation with the annual mean temperature and annual precipitation; the maximum frost depth decreased with the increase of annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. Beside,the response of maximum frozen depth to annual mean temperature was more significant than that to annual precipitation.
引文
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[21]China Meteorological Administration.Specification for surface meteorological observation[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2003.[中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,2003.]
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[25]Pang Qiangqiang,Li Shuxun,Wu Tonghua,et al.Simulated distribution of active layer depths in the frozen ground regions of Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(3):390-395.[庞强强,李述训,吴通华,等.青藏高原冻土区活动层厚度分布模拟[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(3):390-395.]
[26]China Meteorological Administration.Specification for surface meteorological observation[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1979.[中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[S].北京:气象出版社,1979.]
[27]China Meteorological Administration.The surface meteorological data archive format[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010.[中国气象局.气象数据归档格式地面:QX/T 119-2010[S].北京:气象出版社,2010.]
[28]China Meteorological Administration.Interim provisions on the basic model of national ground meteorological information[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1978.[中国气象局.全国地面气象资料信息化基本模式暂行规定[S].北京:气象出版社,1978.]
[29]Permafrost Soils Research Institute of Siberia of USSR.Ordinary permafrost[M].Guo Dongxin,Liu Tieliang,Zhang Weixin,et al.translation.Beijing:Science Press,1988.[苏联科学院西伯利亚分院冻土研究所.普通冻土学[M].郭东信,刘铁良,张维信,等译.北京:科学出版社,1988.]
[30]Du Jun.Change of temperature in Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(6):682-690.[杜军.西藏高原近40年的气温变化[J].地理学报,2001,56(6):682-690.]
[2]Wu Qingbai,Niu Fujun.Permafrost changes and engineering stability in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(10):1079-1094.
[3]Zhang Tingjun.Progress in global permafrost and climate change studies[J].Quaternary Sciences,2012,32(1):27-38.[张廷军.全球多年冻土与气候变化研究进展[J].第四纪研究,2012,32(1):27-38.]
[4]Wu Qingbai,Hou Yandong,Yun Hanbo,et al.Changes in active-layer thickness and near-surface permafrost between 2002 and2012 in alpine ecosystems,Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau,China[J].Global and Planetary Change,2015,124:149-155.
[5]Liu Xiaodong,Chen Baode.Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades[J].International Journal of Climatology,2000,20(14):1729-1742.
[6]IPCC.Climate change 2007:the physical science basis:working group I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC[M/OL].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2007.
[7]Wu Qingbai,Zhang Tingjun,Liu Yongzhi.Permafrost temperatures and thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Global and Planetary Change,2010,72(1/2):32-38.
[8]Ma Wei,Mu Yanhu,Li Guoyu,et al.Responses of embankment thermal regime to engineering activities and climate change along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2013,43(3):478-489.[马巍,穆彦虎,李国玉,等.多年冻土区铁路路基热状况对工程扰动及气候变化的响应[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2013,43(3):478-489.]
[9]Jin Huijun,Zhao Lin,Wang Shaoling,et al.Thermal regimes and degradation modes of permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway[J].Science in China:Series D Earth Sciences,2006,36(11):1009-1019.[金会军,赵林,王绍令,等.青藏公路沿线冻土的低温特征及退化方式[J].中国科学:D辑地球科学,2006,36(11):1009-1019.]
[10]Cheng Guodong,Wu Tonghua.Responses of permafrost to climate change and their environmental significance,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Earth Surface,2007,112(F2):93-104.
[11]Yang Meixue,Nelson F E,Shiklomanov N I,et al.Permafrost degradation and its environmental effects on the Tibetan Plateau:a reviewof recent research[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2010,103(1/2):31-44.
[12]Xu Xiaozu,Wang Jiacheng,Zhang Lixin.Physics of frozen soils[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.[徐敩祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.]
[13]Hao Zhenchun,Wang Xiaoyan,Hou Yanru,et al.Estimation method for maximum frozen depth of seasonal frozen soil in source region of the YellowRiver[J].Water Resources and Power,2013,31(5):73-76.[郝振纯,王晓燕,侯艳茹,等.黄河源区季节冻土最大冻结深度估算方法[J].水电能源科学,2013,31(5):73-76.]
[14]Hu Jun,Du Jun,Bian Duo,et al.Interannual and interdecadal variations of soil temperature over Tibetan Plateau from 1971 to2005[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(9):925-934.[胡军,杜军,边多,等.西藏地温的年际和年代际变化[J].地理学报,2007,62(9):925-934.]
[15]Du Jun,Hu Jun,Luobu Ciren,et al.Response of shallowgeotemperature to climatic change over Tibet from 1971 to 2005[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(5):745-751.[杜军,胡军,罗布次仁,等.西藏浅层地温对气候变暖的响应[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(5):745-751.]
[16]Zhuoga,Deji Yangzong,Pubu Ciren.Studies on temporal/spatial distribution and abnormal types of land surface temperature over Tibet[J].Journal of Arid and Resource and Environment,2009,23(6):64-71.[卓嘎,德吉央宗,普布次仁.西藏地区地面温度的时空分布及其异常类型研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2009,23(6):64-71.]
[17]Zhou Kanshe,Luo Suxuan,Du Jun,et al.Response of soil temperature to air temperature change in Tibet Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(2):129-138.[周刊社,罗骕翾,杜军,等.西藏高原地温对气温变化的响应[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(2):129-138.]
[18]Du Jun,Jian Jun,Hong Jianchang,et al.Response of seasonal frozen soil to climate change on Tibet region from 1961 to 2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):512-521.[杜军,建军,洪健昌,等.1961-2010年西藏季节性冻土对气候变化的响应[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):512-521.]
[19]Yang Chunyan,Shen Weishou,Wang Tao.Spatial-temporal characteristics of cultivated land in Tibet in recent 30 years[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(1):264-271.[杨春艳,沈渭寿,王涛.近30年西藏耕地面积时空变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(1):264-271.]
[20]Zhuoga,Bianba Ciren,Yang Xiuhai,et al.Spatial and temporal changes of atmospheric precipitable water in Tibet Region in recent 30 years[J].Plateau Meteorology,2013,32(1):23-30.[卓嘎,边巴次仁,杨秀海,等.近30年西藏地区大气可降水量的时空变化特征[J].高原气象,2013,32(1):23-30.]
[21]China Meteorological Administration.Specification for surface meteorological observation[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2003.[中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[M].北京:气象出版社,2003.]
[22]China Meteorological Administration.Classification and coding of meteorological elements(QX/T 133-2011)[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2011.[中国气象局.气象要素分类与编码:QX/T 133-2011[S].北京:气象出版社,2011.]
[23]Cheng Guodong.Divided on the high-altitude permafrost in China[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1982,4(2):1-17.[程国栋.试论中国高海拔多年冻土带的划分[J].冰川冻土,1982,4(2):1-17.]
[24]Zhang Zhongqiong,Wu Qingbai.Predicting changes of active layer thickness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as climate warming[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(3):505-511.[张中琼,吴青柏.气候变化情景下青藏高原多年冻土活动层厚度变化预测[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(3):505-511.]
[25]Pang Qiangqiang,Li Shuxun,Wu Tonghua,et al.Simulated distribution of active layer depths in the frozen ground regions of Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(3):390-395.[庞强强,李述训,吴通华,等.青藏高原冻土区活动层厚度分布模拟[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(3):390-395.]
[26]China Meteorological Administration.Specification for surface meteorological observation[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1979.[中国气象局.地面气象观测规范[S].北京:气象出版社,1979.]
[27]China Meteorological Administration.The surface meteorological data archive format[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2010.[中国气象局.气象数据归档格式地面:QX/T 119-2010[S].北京:气象出版社,2010.]
[28]China Meteorological Administration.Interim provisions on the basic model of national ground meteorological information[S].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1978.[中国气象局.全国地面气象资料信息化基本模式暂行规定[S].北京:气象出版社,1978.]
[29]Permafrost Soils Research Institute of Siberia of USSR.Ordinary permafrost[M].Guo Dongxin,Liu Tieliang,Zhang Weixin,et al.translation.Beijing:Science Press,1988.[苏联科学院西伯利亚分院冻土研究所.普通冻土学[M].郭东信,刘铁良,张维信,等译.北京:科学出版社,1988.]
[30]Du Jun.Change of temperature in Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(6):682-690.[杜军.西藏高原近40年的气温变化[J].地理学报,2001,56(6):682-690.]