山西灵空山天然松栎混交林群落特征与冠层结构
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摘要
以2011年建设的山西灵空山4 hm2天然松栎混交林森林动态监测样地为研究平台,以400个10 m×10 m样方为测量单元,于2016年进行群落特征研究,采用半球面影像法(DHP)分析冠层结构和林下光照特征.结果表明:样地内共有乔木5558株,共计25种,分属于10科15属.冠层开阔度(CO)集中在15.0%～25.0%,叶面积指数(LAI)集中在1.5～2.5,林下光环境参数集中在10.0%～30.0%.建群种在样地内的分布对冠层结构和林下光环境影响显著;冠层结构对林下光环境所有参数的影响方向一致,其中采用叶面积指数评价冠层结构动态的效果更佳;冠层开阔度和叶面积指数对林下光环境产生相反的影响,且均对散射光入射率影响程度最大.温性松栎混交林的林冠层整体较为均匀,林下光分布较为集中,林分树种组成与冠层结构对林下光照影响显著.
We conducted a field investigation at 400 10 m×10 m quadrats in a 4-hm2 plot of mixed forest dominated by pine( Pinus tabuliformis) and oak( Quercus wutaishanica),which was established in 2011 in the Lingkong Mountain of Shanxi Province,China. The community characteristics in the year of 2016 were analyzed. The digital hemisphere photograph( DHP) approach was employed to measure the canopy structure and the understory light parameters. The results showed that a total of 5558 individuals of trees of 25 species from 15 genera and 10 families were recorded.The canopy openness( CO) varied from 15.0% to 25.0%,the leaf area index( LAI) varied from1.5 to 2.5,and the understory light parameters varied from 10. 0% to 30. 0%. The distribution of dominant species drove the canopy structure and the undergrowth light factors. The canopy structure defined the impacts of light factors in the forest. The leaf area index was more optimal in describing the canopy's dynamic function. The canopy openness and leaf area index were negatively correlated to understory light availability,especially to the abundance of the incident rays of diffused light.Since the canopy structure was relatively uniform in the temperate pine-oak mixed forest,the understory light spots generally distributed in clusters. The tree species and canopy structure had significant effects on light environment in the forest.
We conducted a field investigation at 400 10 m×10 m quadrats in a 4-hm2 plot of mixed forest dominated by pine( Pinus tabuliformis) and oak( Quercus wutaishanica),which was established in 2011 in the Lingkong Mountain of Shanxi Province,China. The community characteristics in the year of 2016 were analyzed. The digital hemisphere photograph( DHP) approach was employed to measure the canopy structure and the understory light parameters. The results showed that a total of 5558 individuals of trees of 25 species from 15 genera and 10 families were recorded.The canopy openness( CO) varied from 15.0% to 25.0%,the leaf area index( LAI) varied from1.5 to 2.5,and the understory light parameters varied from 10. 0% to 30. 0%. The distribution of dominant species drove the canopy structure and the undergrowth light factors. The canopy structure defined the impacts of light factors in the forest. The leaf area index was more optimal in describing the canopy's dynamic function. The canopy openness and leaf area index were negatively correlated to understory light availability,especially to the abundance of the incident rays of diffused light.Since the canopy structure was relatively uniform in the temperate pine-oak mixed forest,the understory light spots generally distributed in clusters. The tree species and canopy structure had significant effects on light environment in the forest.
引文
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[18]Peng H-H(彭焕华),Zhao C-Y(赵传燕),Feng Z-D(冯兆东),et al.Extracting the canopy structure parameters using hemispherical photography method.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(12):3376-3383(in Chinese)
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[20]Cui J-Y(崔佳玉),Zeng H-C(曾焕忱),Wang Y-Q(王永强),et al.Canopy structure and radiation attenuation effects of broad-leaved forest in Yinpingshan National Nature Reserve.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院学报),2015,30(4):45-49(in Chinese)
[21]Dong L-L(董莉莉),Zhang H-D(张慧东),Mao Y-X(毛沂新),et al.Influence of thinning on canopy structure and understory vegetation of coniferous broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis mixed forest.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University(沈阳农业大学学报),2017,48(2):159-165(in Chinese)
[22]Frazer GW,Canham CD,Lertzman KP.Gap Light Analyser(GLA),Version 2.0:Imaging Software to Extract Canopy Structure and Gap Light Indices from Truecolour Fisheye Photographs,Users Manual and Program Documentation.Millbrook,New York:Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,British Columbia,and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies,1999
[23]Su Z-Y(苏志尧),Jia X-R(贾小容),Xie D-D(解丹丹),et al.Determination of canopy structural parameters in an urban forest stand using hemispherical photography.Journal of South China Agricultural University(华南农业大学学报),2007,28(2):65-68(in Chinese)
[24]Tang LC,Than SE.Computing process capability indices for non-normal data:A review and comparative study.Quality&Reliability Engineering International,2015,15:339-353
[25]Wang F-Y(王发友).Basic ideas and method steps for typical correlation analysis.Science&Technology Information(科技信息:学术研究),2007(36):482(in Chinese)
[26]He FL,Legendre P,La Frankie JV.Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,1997,8:105-114
[27]Xiao Q-C(肖庆聪),Wei Y-S(魏源送),Wang Y-W(王亚炜),et al.Driving factors of coastal wetland degradation in Binhai New Area of Tianjin.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2012,32(2):480-488(in Chinese)
[28]He X-Q(何晓群).Multivariate Statistical Analysis.2nd Ed.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2008(in Chinese)
[29]Han Y-Z(韩有志),Wang Z-Q(王政权),Gu J-C(谷加存).The effects of spatial heterogeneity of understory light availability on regeneration of Manchurian ash.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(4):468-475(in Chinese)
[30]Qu Y-D(区余端),Su Z-Y(苏志尧).Spatial heterogeneity dynamics of canopy structure in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest following a natural disturbance in North Guangdong.Plant Science Journal(植物科学学报),2012,30(3):223-229(in Chinese)
[31]Tan Y-B(谭一波),He Q-F(何琴飞),Zheng W(郑威),et al.Effects of canopy structure on understory vegetation in shelterbelt forests along the middle and upper reaches of Pearl River.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2016,35(12):3148-3156(in Chinese)
[32]Han Y-Z(韩有志).Spatial Heterogeneity and Pattern and Process of Manchurian Ash(Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.)Regeneration.PhD Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2002(in Chinese)
[33]Lu X-L(卢训令),Ding S-Y(丁圣彦),You L(游莉),et al.Effects of forest canopy structure on understory vegetation characteristics of Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2013,33(15):4715-4723(in Chinese)
[34]Chen X(陈厦),Sang W-G(桑卫国).Dynamics of leaf area index and canopy openness for three forest communities in the warm temperate zone of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2007,31(3):431-436(in Chinese)
[35]You L(游莉).Research on Characteristics of Forest Canopy Structure and Light Environment at Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve.Master Thesis.Kaifeng:Henan University,2009(in Chinese)
[36]Cheng X-R(成向荣),Yu M-K(虞木奎),Zhang C(张翠),et al.Structural control of coastal backbone protection forest belt and its effects on stand canopy and soil.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2011,30(3):516-520(in Chinese)
[37]Xu W-X(徐文秀),Lu J-M(路俊盟),Lu Z-J(卢志军),et al.Analysis of main factors affecting seedling survival in Badagongshan evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest.Plant Science Journal(植物科学学报),2017,35(5):659-666(in Chinese)
[38]Wang Y-Q(王永强),Cai Y-R(蔡燕茹),Zeng H-C(曾焕忱),et al.Composition and diversity of understory plant species in subtropical forests under different canopy openness.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science)(西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版),2016,44(5):64-72(in Chinese)
[2]Canham CD,Finzi AC,Pacala SW,et al.Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests:Interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1994,24:337-349
[3]Chen S-B(陈圣宾),Song A-Q(宋爱琴),Li Z-J(李振基).Research advance in response of forest seedling regeneration to light environmental heterogeneity.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2005,16(2):365-370(in Chinese)
[4]Valladares F,Guzmán B.Canopy structure and spatial heterogeneity of understory light in an abandoned Holm oak woodland.Annals of Forest Science,2006,63:749-761
[5]Ma SY,Concilio A,Oakley B,et al.Spatial variability in microclimate in a mixed-conifer forest before and after thinning and burning treatments.Forest Ecology and Management,2010,259:904-915
[6]Chvez V,Macdonald SE.The influence of canopy patch mosaics on understory plant community composition in boreal mixedwood forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2010,259:1067-1075
[7]Yang J-Y(杨建宇).Canopy Structure and Light Environment of Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in GTS.Master Thesis.Qiqihar:Qiqihar University,2015(in Chinese)
[8]Montgomery R,Chazdon R.Light gradient partitioning by tropical tree seedlings in the absence of canopy gaps.Oecologia,2002,131,165-174
[9]Li D.The research advances on the structure and function of forest canopy,as well as their temporal and spatial changes.World Forestry Research,2004,17:12-16
[10]Liu S-C(刘少冲),Duan W-B(段文标),Feng J(冯静),et al.Effects of forest gap on tree species regeneration and diversity of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forest in Xiaoxing’an Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(6):1381-1388(in Chinese)
[11]Ameztegui A,Coll L,Benavides R,et al.Understory light predictions in mixed conifer mountain forests:Role of aspect-induced variation in crown geometry and openness.Forest Ecology and Management,2012,276:52-61
[12]Zhang Y-L(张彦雷),Kang F-F(康峰峰),Han H-R(韩海荣),et al.Measurement and analysis on understory light environment and canopy structure of Pinus tabuliformis plantation in the Taiyue Mountain.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Science)(南京林业大学学报:自然科学版),2014,38(2):169-174(in Chinese)
[13]Yamada T,Yoshioka A,Hashim M,et al.Spatial and temporal variations in the light environment in a primary and selectively logged forest long after logging in Peninsular Malaysia.Trees,2014,28:1355-1365
[14]Huo M-M(霍萌萌),Guo D-G(郭东罡),Zhang J(张婕),et al.Tree community characteristics and spatial patterns of the forms Pinus tabuliformis-Quercus wutaishanica in Lingkong Mountain.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2014,34(20):5925-5935(in Chinese)
[15]Comeau PG,Gendron F,Letchford T.A comparison of several methods for estimating light under a paper birch mixedwood stand.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1998,28:1843-1850
[16]Engelbrecht BMJ,Herz HM.Evaluation of different methods to estimate understory light conditions in tropical forests.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2001,17:207-224
[17]Griscom HP,Pms A,Berlyn GP.Seedling survival and growth of native tree species in pastures:Implications for dry tropical forest rehabilitation in central Panama.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,218:306-318
[18]Peng H-H(彭焕华),Zhao C-Y(赵传燕),Feng Z-D(冯兆东),et al.Extracting the canopy structure parameters using hemispherical photography method.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(12):3376-3383(in Chinese)
[19]Lin F,Comita LS,Wang X,et al.The contribution of understory light availability and biotic neighborhood to seedling survival in secondary versus old-growth temperate forest.Plant Ecology,2014,215:795-807
[20]Cui J-Y(崔佳玉),Zeng H-C(曾焕忱),Wang Y-Q(王永强),et al.Canopy structure and radiation attenuation effects of broad-leaved forest in Yinpingshan National Nature Reserve.Journal of Northwest Forestry University(西北林学院学报),2015,30(4):45-49(in Chinese)
[21]Dong L-L(董莉莉),Zhang H-D(张慧东),Mao Y-X(毛沂新),et al.Influence of thinning on canopy structure and understory vegetation of coniferous broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis mixed forest.Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University(沈阳农业大学学报),2017,48(2):159-165(in Chinese)
[22]Frazer GW,Canham CD,Lertzman KP.Gap Light Analyser(GLA),Version 2.0:Imaging Software to Extract Canopy Structure and Gap Light Indices from Truecolour Fisheye Photographs,Users Manual and Program Documentation.Millbrook,New York:Simon Fraser University,Burnaby,British Columbia,and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies,1999
[23]Su Z-Y(苏志尧),Jia X-R(贾小容),Xie D-D(解丹丹),et al.Determination of canopy structural parameters in an urban forest stand using hemispherical photography.Journal of South China Agricultural University(华南农业大学学报),2007,28(2):65-68(in Chinese)
[24]Tang LC,Than SE.Computing process capability indices for non-normal data:A review and comparative study.Quality&Reliability Engineering International,2015,15:339-353
[25]Wang F-Y(王发友).Basic ideas and method steps for typical correlation analysis.Science&Technology Information(科技信息:学术研究),2007(36):482(in Chinese)
[26]He FL,Legendre P,La Frankie JV.Distribution patterns of tree species in a Malaysian tropical rain forest.Journal of Vegetation Science,1997,8:105-114
[27]Xiao Q-C(肖庆聪),Wei Y-S(魏源送),Wang Y-W(王亚炜),et al.Driving factors of coastal wetland degradation in Binhai New Area of Tianjin.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae(环境科学学报),2012,32(2):480-488(in Chinese)
[28]He X-Q(何晓群).Multivariate Statistical Analysis.2nd Ed.Beijing:China Renmin University Press,2008(in Chinese)
[29]Han Y-Z(韩有志),Wang Z-Q(王政权),Gu J-C(谷加存).The effects of spatial heterogeneity of understory light availability on regeneration of Manchurian ash.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica(植物生态学报),2004,28(4):468-475(in Chinese)
[30]Qu Y-D(区余端),Su Z-Y(苏志尧).Spatial heterogeneity dynamics of canopy structure in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest following a natural disturbance in North Guangdong.Plant Science Journal(植物科学学报),2012,30(3):223-229(in Chinese)
[31]Tan Y-B(谭一波),He Q-F(何琴飞),Zheng W(郑威),et al.Effects of canopy structure on understory vegetation in shelterbelt forests along the middle and upper reaches of Pearl River.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2016,35(12):3148-3156(in Chinese)
[32]Han Y-Z(韩有志).Spatial Heterogeneity and Pattern and Process of Manchurian Ash(Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.)Regeneration.PhD Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2002(in Chinese)
[33]Lu X-L(卢训令),Ding S-Y(丁圣彦),You L(游莉),et al.Effects of forest canopy structure on understory vegetation characteristics of Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2013,33(15):4715-4723(in Chinese)
[34]Chen X(陈厦),Sang W-G(桑卫国).Dynamics of leaf area index and canopy openness for three forest communities in the warm temperate zone of China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2007,31(3):431-436(in Chinese)
[35]You L(游莉).Research on Characteristics of Forest Canopy Structure and Light Environment at Funiu Mountain Nature Reserve.Master Thesis.Kaifeng:Henan University,2009(in Chinese)
[36]Cheng X-R(成向荣),Yu M-K(虞木奎),Zhang C(张翠),et al.Structural control of coastal backbone protection forest belt and its effects on stand canopy and soil.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2011,30(3):516-520(in Chinese)
[37]Xu W-X(徐文秀),Lu J-M(路俊盟),Lu Z-J(卢志军),et al.Analysis of main factors affecting seedling survival in Badagongshan evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest.Plant Science Journal(植物科学学报),2017,35(5):659-666(in Chinese)
[38]Wang Y-Q(王永强),Cai Y-R(蔡燕茹),Zeng H-C(曾焕忱),et al.Composition and diversity of understory plant species in subtropical forests under different canopy openness.Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science)(西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版),2016,44(5):64-72(in Chinese)