间作豆类作物对大樱桃生长和土壤特性、微生物数量的影响
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摘要
以‘红玛瑙’大樱桃为试材,采用随机区组排列设计方法,以清耕为对照,在果园建植第2年研究了果园间作绿豆、豇豆、豆角、红小豆、黑小豆和大豆后大樱桃树生长指标、果园土壤理化性质和微生物区系的变化,分析了不同间作模式对大樱桃幼树生长和土壤环境的影响,以期为果园作物间作模式的应用提供参考。结果表明:幼龄果园间作豆类作物后,大樱桃地径极显著低于清耕对照,间作绿豆、红小豆、大豆对大樱桃幼树株高无显著影响,而间作豆角、豇豆、黑小豆处理中大樱桃株高生长受到显著抑制。间作不同豆类作物后土壤全磷、硝态氮、有效锰、有效锌含量和pH呈上升趋势,电导率(EC)与对照持平,全钾、铵态氮、速效钾、全硒含量和阳离子交换量(CEC)呈下降趋势,土壤含水量也显著减少,全氮、有效磷和有机质含量变化则因作物不同而异。土壤真菌数量在所有间作处理中均显著提高;土壤放线菌数量除在绿豆处理中与对照无显著差异外,在其余处理中均极显著升高;土壤细菌数量在绿豆处理中与对照无显著差异,在豇豆处理中极显著减少,在其余处理中极显著提高。
Using the sweet cherry variety ‘Red Agate'as test material,random block arrangement design as experimental method and clean tillage as control,the impacts of intercropping of different legumes,i.e.Vigna radiate,V.sinensis,V.unguiculata,V.umbellate,V.angularis and Glycine max on sapling height and ground diameter,chemical and physical properties of soil and soil microbial population were investigated in the 2 nd year after the sapling establishment,so as to elucidate the impact of legume intercropping on the growth of cherry saplings and orchard soil environment.The results showed that the ground diameter of cherry saplings was significantly smaller than that of clean tillage control.Intercropping of V.radiate,V.umbellate and Glycine maxshowed no significant effect on the height of saplings,while intercropping of V.unguiculata,V.sinensis and V.angularis significantly inhibited the height of saplings as compared to clean tillage control.Intercropping of different legumes increased the contents of soil total phosphorus,nitrate nitrogen,available magnesium,available zinc and pH.No significant differences were found in soil EC values as compared to control after legume intercropping.Legume intercropping generally decreased the contents of soil total potassium,ammonium nitrogen,olsen-potassium,total selenium.The changes in total nitrogen,available phosphorus and organic matter contents varied in different treatments.The number of soil fungi showed a significantly elevation in all treatments.The quantity of soil actinomyces showed no significant difference as compared to that of control in the V.radiate treatment but was significantly raised in other treatments.The soil bacteria number showed no significant difference as compared to that of control in the V.radiate treatment,and was significantly abated in the V.sinensis treatment while significantly increased in other treatments.
Using the sweet cherry variety ‘Red Agate'as test material,random block arrangement design as experimental method and clean tillage as control,the impacts of intercropping of different legumes,i.e.Vigna radiate,V.sinensis,V.unguiculata,V.umbellate,V.angularis and Glycine max on sapling height and ground diameter,chemical and physical properties of soil and soil microbial population were investigated in the 2 nd year after the sapling establishment,so as to elucidate the impact of legume intercropping on the growth of cherry saplings and orchard soil environment.The results showed that the ground diameter of cherry saplings was significantly smaller than that of clean tillage control.Intercropping of V.radiate,V.umbellate and Glycine maxshowed no significant effect on the height of saplings,while intercropping of V.unguiculata,V.sinensis and V.angularis significantly inhibited the height of saplings as compared to clean tillage control.Intercropping of different legumes increased the contents of soil total phosphorus,nitrate nitrogen,available magnesium,available zinc and pH.No significant differences were found in soil EC values as compared to control after legume intercropping.Legume intercropping generally decreased the contents of soil total potassium,ammonium nitrogen,olsen-potassium,total selenium.The changes in total nitrogen,available phosphorus and organic matter contents varied in different treatments.The number of soil fungi showed a significantly elevation in all treatments.The quantity of soil actinomyces showed no significant difference as compared to that of control in the V.radiate treatment but was significantly raised in other treatments.The soil bacteria number showed no significant difference as compared to that of control in the V.radiate treatment,and was significantly abated in the V.sinensis treatment while significantly increased in other treatments.
引文
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[3] 王洪皓,徐敏,赵秋.果园间作粒用豇豆播期与密度试验研究[J].农学学报,2017,7(10):45-50.
[4] 白冬梅,王国桐,田跃霞,等.幼龄果园间作花生高效栽培模式研究[J].山西农业科学,2015,43(7):844-846.
[5] 刘晨,哈斯亚提·托逊江,艾比布拉·伊马木.库尔勒香梨果园间作饲草作物对土壤养分及小环境的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2014,51(11):2073-2078.
[6] 宗殿龙,王尚勇.果园间作药用牡丹的技术[J].落叶果树,2014,46(3):53-54.
[7] 史艳财,李承卓,邹蓉,等.中药材间作种植模式研究进展[J].北方园艺,2012(16):180-183.
[8] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[9] 林先贵,王一明.土壤微生物研究原理与方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010:30-47.
[10] 蔡崇法,王峰,丁树文,等.间作及农林复合系统中植物组分间养分竞争机理分析[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(3):219-221.
[11] 云雷,毕华兴,任怡,等.黄土区果农复合系统种间水分关系研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(6):110-114.
[12] 高路博,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西幼龄苹果-大豆间作的土壤中水、养分空间分布特征及对大豆的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):36-42
[13] 邹亚丽,呼丽萍,施海燕.果草系统土壤理化特征[J].草业科学,2013,30(4):541-545.
[14] 黄昌勇.土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[15] FANG S Z,LI H Y,XIE B D.Decomposition and nutrientrelease of four potential mulching materials for poplar plantations on upland sites[J].Agroforestry Systems,2008,74:27-35.
[16] 张桂玲.秸秆和生草覆盖对桃园土壤养分含量、微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物生态学报 2011,35(12):1236-1244.
[17] 陈学森,张瑞洁,王艳廷,等.苹果园种植长柔毛野豌豆结合自然生草对土壤综合肥力的影响[J].园艺学报,2016,43(12):2325-2334.
[18] GOVAERTS B,MEZZALAMA M,UNNO Y,et al.Influence of tillage,residue management,and crop rotation on soil microbial biomass and catabolic diversity[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2007,37:18-30.