不同水分调控对晋西黄土区苹果×大豆间作系统细根分布与耗水特性的影响
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摘要
为探求适于晋西黄土区果农间作系统的水分调控措施,选取该地区典型的苹果×大豆间作系统为研究对象,结合覆盖与调亏灌溉2种节水措施,分析了不同水分调控措施对苹果和大豆根系空间分布、耗水量与水分利用等指标的影响。试验设置灌溉上限3个水平:田间持水量的55%(W1,低水),70%(W2,中水)和85%(W3,高水),2种覆盖材料:秸秆覆盖(M1)和地膜覆盖(M2)。结果表明:水分调控措施增加了苹果和大豆总根长密度,且扩大了苹果在水平和垂直方向上的根长分布。苹果根长密度与距树行距离呈负相关,而大豆则呈正相关,且均与垂直深度存在负相关关系。大豆鼓粒期土壤水分随距树行距离的增加先减后增,最小值为距树行1.5～2.0m,与清耕(CK0)和单一覆盖(CK1和CK2)相比,水分调控措施能显著提高0—60cm土层内的土壤水分。聚类分析表明水分调控下苹果和大豆主要水分竞争区域为距树行0.5～1.5m、垂直方向0—40cm土层范围内。M2W2处理苹果细根集中分布在20—40cm土层,大豆细根主要在0—20cm土层,根系错位分布缓解了种间水分竞争,其耗水量可较W3组减少40～50mm,且其产量和水分利用可分别较其他水分调控措施提高29.37%～41.92%,12.29%～53.35%,同时可使间作系统净收益最大,可达2 976.5元/hm~2。由此建议在未坐果的幼龄苹果树行间间作大豆时采用地膜覆盖措施,同时在分枝期灌水150m~3/hm~2,结荚期灌水400m~3/hm~2,鼓粒期灌水300m~3/hm~2,可显著提高间作系统水分利用水平和经济效益。
In order to investigate the effects of different water regulations on the root spatial distribution,water consumption,water use and other indexes in a typical alley cropping system comprising apple(Malus pumila)-soybean(Glycine max),an experiment of mulching and irrigation coupling was carried out in the Loess Plateau of Shanxi Province.Three levels of irrigation thresholds were set:55%(low,W1),70%(medium,W2),and 85%(high,W3)of field capacity.Meanwhile,two mulching materials including straw(M1)and plastic film(M2)were also set.The results indicated that the water regulation increased the total root length density of apple and soybean,and also expanded the root length distribution of apple in horizontal and vertical directions.The apple root length density was negatively correlated with the distance from the tree row while the soybeans had positive correlation,and both the crops had negative correlations with the vertical depth.The distribution of soil moisture increased first with the distance from trees to the crops then decreased at grain filling stage,and the minimum values occurred in the distance of 1.5～2.0maway from the tree line.Compared with clean tillage treatment(CK0)and single mulching treatment(CK1and CK2),the water regulation treatments increased the soil moisture in 0—60cm depth significantly.The cluster analysis showed that the main competition area in soil moisture for the two plants was in the distance 0.5～1.5maway from the tree row with soil depth of 0—40cm.The apple fine roots in the M2W2 treatment were concentrated in 20—40cm soil layer while the soybeans' in 0—20cm soil layer,which alleviated water competition between the two species.Additionally,the water consumption in M2W2 could be reduced by 40～50mm compared with W3 and the yield and water use efficiency could be increased by 29.37% ～ 41.92% and 12.29% ～ 53.35%,respectively,compared to other water regulation treatments.The net income could be 2 976.5yuan/hm~2.Above all,covering plastic film in young apple-soybean intercropping system,combined with irrigation amount of 150m~3/hm~2 at branching stage,400 m~3/hm~2 at podding stage and 300 m~3/hm~2 at grain filling stage could significantly increase the water use level and economic benefits in the intercropping system.
In order to investigate the effects of different water regulations on the root spatial distribution,water consumption,water use and other indexes in a typical alley cropping system comprising apple(Malus pumila)-soybean(Glycine max),an experiment of mulching and irrigation coupling was carried out in the Loess Plateau of Shanxi Province.Three levels of irrigation thresholds were set:55%(low,W1),70%(medium,W2),and 85%(high,W3)of field capacity.Meanwhile,two mulching materials including straw(M1)and plastic film(M2)were also set.The results indicated that the water regulation increased the total root length density of apple and soybean,and also expanded the root length distribution of apple in horizontal and vertical directions.The apple root length density was negatively correlated with the distance from the tree row while the soybeans had positive correlation,and both the crops had negative correlations with the vertical depth.The distribution of soil moisture increased first with the distance from trees to the crops then decreased at grain filling stage,and the minimum values occurred in the distance of 1.5～2.0maway from the tree line.Compared with clean tillage treatment(CK0)and single mulching treatment(CK1and CK2),the water regulation treatments increased the soil moisture in 0—60cm depth significantly.The cluster analysis showed that the main competition area in soil moisture for the two plants was in the distance 0.5～1.5maway from the tree row with soil depth of 0—40cm.The apple fine roots in the M2W2 treatment were concentrated in 20—40cm soil layer while the soybeans' in 0—20cm soil layer,which alleviated water competition between the two species.Additionally,the water consumption in M2W2 could be reduced by 40～50mm compared with W3 and the yield and water use efficiency could be increased by 29.37% ～ 41.92% and 12.29% ～ 53.35%,respectively,compared to other water regulation treatments.The net income could be 2 976.5yuan/hm~2.Above all,covering plastic film in young apple-soybean intercropping system,combined with irrigation amount of 150m~3/hm~2 at branching stage,400 m~3/hm~2 at podding stage and 300 m~3/hm~2 at grain filling stage could significantly increase the water use level and economic benefits in the intercropping system.
引文
[1]王丹,毕华兴,许华森.苹果花生间作系统土壤水分动态及主要竞争区域[J].干旱地区农业研究,2018,36(1):89-94.
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[4]武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[5]徐小林,吴昌强,李大明,等.稻草覆盖对花生木薯间作系统产量和土壤性状的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(29):19-24.
[6]凌强,赵西宁,高晓东,等.间作经济作物对黄土丘陵区旱作红枣土壤水分的调控效应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(2):504-510.
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[9]何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(6):715-721.
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[13]李玉英,胡汉升,程序,等.种间互作和施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作生态系统地上部和地下部生长的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(6):1617-1630.
[14]王婷,马亮,马英杰.干旱区枣棉复合系统细根空间分布特征及种间地下竞争关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(1):54-60.
[15]许华森,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区果农间作系统根系生态位特征[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):69-73.
[16]田阳,周玉喜,云雷,等.晋西黄土区苹果-农作物间作土壤水分研究[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):29-37.
[17]高路博,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西幼龄苹果×大豆间作的土壤中水分、养分空间分布特征及对大豆的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):36-42.
[18] Debruyne S A,Feldhake C M,Burger J A.Tree effects on forage growth and soil water in an Appalachian silvopasture[J].Agroforestry Systems,2011,83(2):189-200.
[19]周始威,胡笑涛,王文娥,等.春玉米不同生育期土壤湿润层深度调控的稳产节水效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):125-132.
[2]胡惠杰,王猛,尹小刚,等.气候变化下东北农作区大豆需水量时空变化特征分析[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(2):21-31.
[3] Seth M,Rameshwar,Saini J P,et al.Productivity and economics of wheat(Triticum aestivum)+chickpea(Cicer arietinum)intercropping under irrigation and nutrient management[J].Indian Journal of Agronomy,2016,61(3):286-291.
[4]武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[5]徐小林,吴昌强,李大明,等.稻草覆盖对花生木薯间作系统产量和土壤性状的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(29):19-24.
[6]凌强,赵西宁,高晓东,等.间作经济作物对黄土丘陵区旱作红枣土壤水分的调控效应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(2):504-510.
[7]杨彩红,柴强,黄高宝.荒漠绿洲区交替灌溉小麦/玉米间作水分利用特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):782-786.
[8]高飞,王若水,许华森,等.水肥调控下苹果-玉米间作系统作物生长及经济效益分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(3):20-28.
[9]何春霞,孟平,张劲松,等.华北低丘山区核桃-决明子复合模式的根系分布[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(6):715-721.
[10]许华森,云雷,毕华兴,等.核桃-大豆间作系统细根分布及地下竞争[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(7):1612-1616.
[11]云雷.晋西黄土区果农间作系统种间关系研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[12] Li X,im7)unek J,Shi H,et al.Spatial distribution of soil water,soil temperature,and plant roots in a dripirrigated intercropping field with plastic mulch[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2017,83:47-56.
[13]李玉英,胡汉升,程序,等.种间互作和施氮对蚕豆/玉米间作生态系统地上部和地下部生长的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(6):1617-1630.
[14]王婷,马亮,马英杰.干旱区枣棉复合系统细根空间分布特征及种间地下竞争关系[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(1):54-60.
[15]许华森,毕华兴,高路博,等.晋西黄土区果农间作系统根系生态位特征[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):69-73.
[16]田阳,周玉喜,云雷,等.晋西黄土区苹果-农作物间作土壤水分研究[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):29-37.
[17]高路博,毕华兴,许华森,等.晋西幼龄苹果×大豆间作的土壤中水分、养分空间分布特征及对大豆的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(24):36-42.
[18] Debruyne S A,Feldhake C M,Burger J A.Tree effects on forage growth and soil water in an Appalachian silvopasture[J].Agroforestry Systems,2011,83(2):189-200.
[19]周始威,胡笑涛,王文娥,等.春玉米不同生育期土壤湿润层深度调控的稳产节水效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(21):125-132.