基于膳食营养需求的西藏县域土地资源承载力评价
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摘要
"食物营养安全"是"食物安全"的重要组成,而当前单纯以"粮食"作为土地资源承载力的评价指标只能反映部分承载能力,从膳食营养角度评估更切合其实际土地资源承载状况。以供给与需求的动态平衡为基本思路,选取热量和蛋白质为关键参量构建土地资源承载力(LCC)测算与土地资源承载指数(LCCI)评价模型,对2015年西藏自治区县域土地资源承载力与土地资源承载状况进行定量评价,以期为实现西藏地区居民热量与蛋白质供需平衡对策提供科学依据,同时也为该区域居民营养需求的变化、机理及对策研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)西藏县域尺度下土地资源承载力总体呈盈余状态,位于西藏东南部的"一江两河"流域县域土地资源承载力高,而位于西北部的那曲和阿里等地区县域土地资源承载力相对较低。(2)根据以当前热量和蛋白质实际消耗量为依据对土地承载力的评价结果,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于蛋白质需求的土地承载力比基于热量需求的承载力分别多8.83%、22.51%和67.78%,其中有13个牧区县和半农半牧区县以热量指标判断为超载状态,但以蛋白质指标判断却未超载,其原因在于牧区县和农牧区县动物性食物供给比例高,食物蛋白质供给能力相较热量供给能力更强。(3)若按照居民膳食宝塔推荐的人均热量和蛋白质摄入量标准,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于热量和蛋白质需求的土地资源承载力较实际营养摄入量下的承载力可分别多承载35.22%和12.5%的人口。评估结果体现了实际消耗和膳食标准情景下以及不同营养指标之间各县域承载力及承载状态的差异,可为通过调整人口结构、膳食结构等措施寻求提升区域人粮平衡水平和居民膳食营养水平对策提供依据。
"Food nutrition safety" is an important component of "food safety". At present, the evaluation index of "grain" as the carrying capacity of land resources can only reflect part of the carrying capacity, and the assessment from the perspective of dietary nutrition is more in line with the actual land resource carrying status. Based on the dynamic balance between supply and demand, this paper selects calorie and protein as key parameters to construct the land resource carrying capacity(LCC) calculation and land resource carrying index(LCCI)evaluation model, and the land resource carrying capacity of Tibet Autonomous Region at county level in 2015. Quantitative evaluation of the land resources carrying status provides a scientific basis for the realization of the balance of calorie and protein supply and demand in Tibet, and lays the foundation for the study of the changes, mechanisms and countermeasures of the nutritional needs of residents in the region. The results show that:(1) The land resource carrying capacity of Tibet is generally surplus. The land resources of the "Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries" basin in the southeastern part of Tibet have high carrying capacity, while those in the counties of Naqu and Ali in the northwest of the study area have low carrying capacity.(2) According to the evaluation results of land carrying capacity based on the actual consumption of calorie and protein, in farming counties, semi-farming and semipastoral counties, and pastoral counties, the carrying capacity of protein indicators is 8.83%,22.51% and 67.78% more than that of calorie indicators, respectively, and there are 13 pastoral counties and farming and pastoral areas with calorie overloaded and without protein overloaded. The reason is that the animal food calorie supply ratio is high in the pastoral counties and the farming and pastoral counties, and the food protein supply capacity is stronger than the calorie supply capacity.(3) According to the per capita calorie and protein intake standards recommended by residents' dietary pagodas, the carrying capacity of land resources based on calorie and protein demand in farming counties, semi-farming and semi-pastoral counties and pastoral counties is higher than the actual nutrient intake of residents, or carrying35.22% and 12.5% more of the population, respectively. The assessment results reflect the differences in the carrying capacity and carrying status of each county under the actual consumption and dietary standard scenarios and between different nutritional indicators. It is possible for us to seek to improve the regional human food balance and the dietary nutrition level of residents by adjusting population structure and dietary structure.
"Food nutrition safety" is an important component of "food safety". At present, the evaluation index of "grain" as the carrying capacity of land resources can only reflect part of the carrying capacity, and the assessment from the perspective of dietary nutrition is more in line with the actual land resource carrying status. Based on the dynamic balance between supply and demand, this paper selects calorie and protein as key parameters to construct the land resource carrying capacity(LCC) calculation and land resource carrying index(LCCI)evaluation model, and the land resource carrying capacity of Tibet Autonomous Region at county level in 2015. Quantitative evaluation of the land resources carrying status provides a scientific basis for the realization of the balance of calorie and protein supply and demand in Tibet, and lays the foundation for the study of the changes, mechanisms and countermeasures of the nutritional needs of residents in the region. The results show that:(1) The land resource carrying capacity of Tibet is generally surplus. The land resources of the "Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries" basin in the southeastern part of Tibet have high carrying capacity, while those in the counties of Naqu and Ali in the northwest of the study area have low carrying capacity.(2) According to the evaluation results of land carrying capacity based on the actual consumption of calorie and protein, in farming counties, semi-farming and semipastoral counties, and pastoral counties, the carrying capacity of protein indicators is 8.83%,22.51% and 67.78% more than that of calorie indicators, respectively, and there are 13 pastoral counties and farming and pastoral areas with calorie overloaded and without protein overloaded. The reason is that the animal food calorie supply ratio is high in the pastoral counties and the farming and pastoral counties, and the food protein supply capacity is stronger than the calorie supply capacity.(3) According to the per capita calorie and protein intake standards recommended by residents' dietary pagodas, the carrying capacity of land resources based on calorie and protein demand in farming counties, semi-farming and semi-pastoral counties and pastoral counties is higher than the actual nutrient intake of residents, or carrying35.22% and 12.5% more of the population, respectively. The assessment results reflect the differences in the carrying capacity and carrying status of each county under the actual consumption and dietary standard scenarios and between different nutritional indicators. It is possible for us to seek to improve the regional human food balance and the dietary nutrition level of residents by adjusting population structure and dietary structure.
引文
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[19]谷树忠.西藏食物保障度分析及对策.自然资源学报, 2000, 15(4):305-314.[GU S Z. On food security situation and countermeasures in Tibet autonomus region. Journal of Natural Resources, 2000, 15(4):305-314.]
[20]中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所.中国食物成分表(第二版).北京:北京大学医学出版社, 2009.[Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China Food Composition(2nd Edition). Beijing:Peking University Medical Press, 2009.]
[21]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食营养指南.北京:人民卫生出版社, 2016.[Chinese Nutrition Society. Chinese Dietary Guide. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House, 2016.]
[22]封志明,杨艳昭,游珍.雄安新区的人口与水土资源承载力.中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(11):1216-1223.[FENG Z M,YANG Y Z, YOU Z. The population and water and land resource carrying capacity of Xiongan New Area. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(11):1216-1223.]
[23]张戈丽,欧阳华,周才平,等.近50年来气候变化对西藏“一江两河”地区农业气候热量资源的影响.资源科学,2010, 32(10):1943-1954.[ZHANG G L, OUYANG H, ZHOU C P, et al. Response of agricultural thermal resources to climate change in the region of the Brahmaputra River and its two tributaries in Tibet during past 50 Years. Resources Science, 2010, 32(10):1943-1954.]
[24]高利伟.农村居民食物消费结构对耕地需求的影响:以西藏“一江两河”流域为例.自然资源学报, 2017, 32(1):12-25.[GAO L W. Arable land requirements related food consumption pattern:A case study in Lhasa, Xigaze and Shannan region of rural Tibet. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(1):12-25.]
[25]顾峰雪,庞瑞,张远东,等. 1954-2010年西南高山地区土壤碳储量时空动态及对气候变化的响应.自然资源学报,2014, 29(11):1930-1943.[GU F X, PANG R, ZHANG Y D, et al. Temporal-spatial variations of soil organic carbon and their responses to climate change in Alpine Area of Southwest China during 1954-2010. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(11):1930-1943.]
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[27]成升魁,甄霖.资源流动研究的理论框架与决策应用.资源科学, 2007, 29(3):37-44.[CHENG S K, ZHEN L. Resource flow:Theoretical framework and application for decision making. Resources Science, 2007, 29(3):37-44.]
[28] FENG Z M, SUN T, YANG Y Z, et al. The progress of resources and environment carrying capacity:From single-factor carrying capacity research to comprehensive research. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2018, 9(2):125-134.
[29]杨春艳,沈渭寿,王涛.近30年西藏耕地面积时空变化特征.农业工程学报, 2015, 31(1):264-271.[YANG C Y,SHEN W S, WANG T. Spatial-temporal characteristics of cultivated land in Tibet in recent 30 years. Transactions of the CSAG, 2015, 31(1):264-271.]
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[2]封志明,杨艳昭,闫慧敏,等.百年来的资源环境承载力研究:从理论到实践.资源科学, 2017, 39(3):379-395.[FENG Z M, YANG Y Z, YAN H M, et al. A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the20th century:From theory to practice. Resources Science, 2017, 39(3):379-395.]
[3] PARK R F, BURGOSS E W. An Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,1921.
[4] WILLIAM A. The African Husbandman. Edinburg:Oliver and Boyd, 1965.
[5] MILLINGTON R, GIFFORD R. Energy and how we live. Australian UNESCO Seminar, Committee for Man and Biosphere, 1973.
[6] FAO. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in Developing Word. Rome, 1982.
[7]封志明,杨艳昭,张晶.中国基于人粮关系的土地资源承载力研究:从分县到全国.自然资源学报, 2008, 23(5):865-875.[FENG Z M, YANG Y Z, ZHANG J. The land carrying capacity of China based on man-grain relationship. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008, 23(5):865-875.]
[8]刘东,封志明,杨艳昭,等.中国粮食生产发展特征及土地资源承载力空间格局现状.农业工程学报, 2011, 27(7):1-6.[LIU D, FENG Z M, YANG Y Z, et al. Characteristics of grain production and spatial pattern of land carrying capacity of China. Transactions of the CSAE, 2011, 27(7):1-6.]
[9] SHAW J D. World Food Security:A History since 1945. New York:Palgrave MacMillan, 2007.
[10]封志明.土地承载力研究的过去、现在与未来.中国土地科学, 1994, 8(3):1-9.[FENG Z M. The past, present and the future of the studies on land carrying capacity. China Land Science, 1994, 8(3):1-9.]
[11]翟凤英,王惠君,王志宏,等.中国居民膳食营养状况的变迁及政策建议.中国食物与营养, 2006,(5):4-6.[ZHAI F Y, WANG H J, WANG Z H, et al. Trend of dietary and nutritional status among Chinese residents and policy suggestions. Food and Nutrition in China, 2006,(5):4-6.]
[12] DAVIS K F, D'ODORICO P, RULLI M C. Moderating diets to feed the future. Earths Future, 2015, 2(10):559-565.
[13]王情,岳天祥,卢毅敏,等.中国食物供给能力分析.地理学报, 2010, 65(10):1229-1240.[WANG Q, YUE T X, LU Y M, et al. An analysis of the capacity of China's food provision. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(10):1229-1240.]
[14]徐海泉,卢士军,周琳,等.以营养当量评价食物营养价值的方法学研究.营养学报, 2016, 38(4):341-344.[XU H Q,LU S J, ZHOU L, et al. A new method to evaluate the nutritional value of foods with nutrition equivalent unit. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 2016, 38(4):341-344.]
[15]高利伟,徐增让,成升魁.西藏农村居民食物消费结构及膳食营养特征分析.资源科学, 2017, 39(1):168-174.[GAO L W, XU Z R, CHENG S K. Food consumption structure and dietary nutrition of residents in rural Tibet. Resources Science, 2017, 39(1):168-174.]
[16]成升魁,闵庆文.西藏农牧业发展若干战略问题探讨.资源科学, 2002, 24(5):1-7.[CHENG S K, MIN Q W. Strategies of agriculture and animal husbandry development in Tibet autonomous region. Resources Science, 2002, 24(5):1-7.]
[17]廖桂蓉,刘子菁.西藏人口年龄结构现状与特征分析:基于第六次人口普查数据的分析.西北人口, 2014,(2):13-16.[LIAO G R, LIU Z J. A study on situation and characteristics of the age structure of Tibet population:Based on the analysis of the sixth census data. Northwest Population Journal, 2014,(2):13-16.]
[18]李录堂,薛继亮.人口增长、耕地变化与粮食安全分析及预测.南京师大学报:社会科学版, 2008,(5):39-42.[LI L T,XUE J L. Population growth, farm land change and grain security:An analysis and forecast. Journal of Nanjing Normal University:Social Science Edition, 2008,(5):39-42.]
[19]谷树忠.西藏食物保障度分析及对策.自然资源学报, 2000, 15(4):305-314.[GU S Z. On food security situation and countermeasures in Tibet autonomus region. Journal of Natural Resources, 2000, 15(4):305-314.]
[20]中国疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所.中国食物成分表(第二版).北京:北京大学医学出版社, 2009.[Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. China Food Composition(2nd Edition). Beijing:Peking University Medical Press, 2009.]
[21]中国营养学会.中国居民膳食营养指南.北京:人民卫生出版社, 2016.[Chinese Nutrition Society. Chinese Dietary Guide. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House, 2016.]
[22]封志明,杨艳昭,游珍.雄安新区的人口与水土资源承载力.中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(11):1216-1223.[FENG Z M,YANG Y Z, YOU Z. The population and water and land resource carrying capacity of Xiongan New Area. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2017, 32(11):1216-1223.]
[23]张戈丽,欧阳华,周才平,等.近50年来气候变化对西藏“一江两河”地区农业气候热量资源的影响.资源科学,2010, 32(10):1943-1954.[ZHANG G L, OUYANG H, ZHOU C P, et al. Response of agricultural thermal resources to climate change in the region of the Brahmaputra River and its two tributaries in Tibet during past 50 Years. Resources Science, 2010, 32(10):1943-1954.]
[24]高利伟.农村居民食物消费结构对耕地需求的影响:以西藏“一江两河”流域为例.自然资源学报, 2017, 32(1):12-25.[GAO L W. Arable land requirements related food consumption pattern:A case study in Lhasa, Xigaze and Shannan region of rural Tibet. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(1):12-25.]
[25]顾峰雪,庞瑞,张远东,等. 1954-2010年西南高山地区土壤碳储量时空动态及对气候变化的响应.自然资源学报,2014, 29(11):1930-1943.[GU F X, PANG R, ZHANG Y D, et al. Temporal-spatial variations of soil organic carbon and their responses to climate change in Alpine Area of Southwest China during 1954-2010. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(11):1930-1943.]
[26]陈华.西藏人口、资源、环境与可持续发展.人口研究, 2002, 26(1):22-28.[CHEN H. Population, resources, environment and sustainable development in Tibet. Population Research, 2012, 26(1):22-28.]
[27]成升魁,甄霖.资源流动研究的理论框架与决策应用.资源科学, 2007, 29(3):37-44.[CHENG S K, ZHEN L. Resource flow:Theoretical framework and application for decision making. Resources Science, 2007, 29(3):37-44.]
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