政府补贴对企业创新的影响研究——沉淀性冗余与环境不确定性的交互调节作用
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摘要
企业作为微观单元,创新可以提高企业竞争力。当市场不能为企业提供足够的创新资源和动力的时候,政府作为看得见的手,可以有效地引导企业创新。政府补贴作为一种外部支持对企业创新的影响,现有研究呈现促进和抑制两种结论,也就是说在不同情境下政府补贴对于企业创新的影响呈现差异化。因此,有必要将研究引入特定的情境中。当企业面对内部资源与外部环境的双重约束的时候,即面对沉淀性冗余和外部环境不确定性时,获取政府补贴,能否将其转化为创新资源。基于此研究逻辑,提出来递进的研究假设,搭建了理论模型,选取2012-2015年电子、制药和信息技术行业上市公司作为样本,其中创新数据滞后一年,即2013-2016年的数据,通过多元随机效应线性模型,实证检验了政府补贴对企业创新的影响,沉淀性冗余和环境不确定性单独产生的调节作用,以及沉淀性冗余与环境不确定性的交互效果对政府补贴与企业创新之间关系的调节作用等。研究发现:(1)政府补贴促进企业创新。(2)沉淀性冗余多的企业其创新能力强。(3)企业的沉淀性冗余对政府补贴与企业创新的关系起到正向调节作用,即拥有沉淀性冗余资源高的企业,政府补贴越能促进企业创新。(4)当沉淀性冗余与外部环境发生交互调节作用的时候,出现了四种不同的情境,即沉淀性冗余高、外部环境变动小;沉淀性冗余高、外部环境变动大;沉淀性冗余低、外部环境变动小;沉淀性冗余低、外部环境变动大。随着环境的改变,政府补贴对企业创新的影响发生了改变,当环境不确定性增强时,沉淀性冗余的作用发生逆转,会抑制政府补贴对企业创新的正向影响。沉淀性冗余与外部环境不确定性交互只有在外部环境变动小,企业沉淀性冗余高的情境下,政府补贴才会更好的流向创新,促进企业创新。本研究结论为政府部门在不同情境下甄选受资助创新补贴企业提供理论指导,即在做决策的时候,需要对企业外在环境不确定性进行判断,同时考虑企业内部的沉淀性冗余资源的多寡,合理做出科学的决策。
As a micro-unit, an enterprise's competitiveness can be improved by innovation. When the market can not provide enough innovation resources and power for enterprises, the government, as a visible hand, can effectively guide enterprises to innovate. There are two conclusions about the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation: promotion and inhibition. That is to say, the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation is different in various contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce research into specific situations. This study focuses on whether or not government subsidies can be converted into innovative resources when enterprises are facing the dual constraints of internal resources and external environment, i.e.absorbed slack and external environmental uncertainty. Based on this logic, the progressive research hypothesis is put forward and the theoretical model is built. This study selects the listed companies in the electronics, pharmaceutical and information technology industries from 2012 to 2015 as samples, and their innovation data lag one year, that is, the data from 2013 to 2016. Through the multiple linear model of random effects, this paper empirically tests the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation, the moderating effect of absorbed slack and environmental uncertainty separately and interaction moderating effects. The results show that government subsidies can promote enterprise innovation; absorbed slack promotes enterprise innovation; the absorbed slack of enterprises plays a positive moderation role in the relationship between government subsidy and enterprise innovation. In other words, the enterprises with high absorbed slack can promote the innovation of enterprises by government subsidies. When absorbed slack interacts with the external environment, there are four different situations, namely, high absorbed slack and small changes in the external environment; high absorbed slack and large changes in the external environment;low absorbed slack and small changes in the external environment; low absorbed slack and large changes in the external environment. With the change of environment, the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation has been changed. When environmental uncertainty increases, the role of absorbed slack reverses,which will inhibit the positive impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation. Only in the situation of small changes in external environment and high absorbed slack of enterprises can government subsidies better flow to innovation and promote enterprise innovation. The conclusion provides theoretical guidance for government departments to subsidize enterprises in different situations. That is to say, when making decisions,it is necessary to judge the uncertainty of the external environment of enterprises, and consider the amount of absorbed slack within enterprises so as to make rational scientific research decisions.
As a micro-unit, an enterprise's competitiveness can be improved by innovation. When the market can not provide enough innovation resources and power for enterprises, the government, as a visible hand, can effectively guide enterprises to innovate. There are two conclusions about the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation: promotion and inhibition. That is to say, the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation is different in various contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce research into specific situations. This study focuses on whether or not government subsidies can be converted into innovative resources when enterprises are facing the dual constraints of internal resources and external environment, i.e.absorbed slack and external environmental uncertainty. Based on this logic, the progressive research hypothesis is put forward and the theoretical model is built. This study selects the listed companies in the electronics, pharmaceutical and information technology industries from 2012 to 2015 as samples, and their innovation data lag one year, that is, the data from 2013 to 2016. Through the multiple linear model of random effects, this paper empirically tests the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation, the moderating effect of absorbed slack and environmental uncertainty separately and interaction moderating effects. The results show that government subsidies can promote enterprise innovation; absorbed slack promotes enterprise innovation; the absorbed slack of enterprises plays a positive moderation role in the relationship between government subsidy and enterprise innovation. In other words, the enterprises with high absorbed slack can promote the innovation of enterprises by government subsidies. When absorbed slack interacts with the external environment, there are four different situations, namely, high absorbed slack and small changes in the external environment; high absorbed slack and large changes in the external environment;low absorbed slack and small changes in the external environment; low absorbed slack and large changes in the external environment. With the change of environment, the impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation has been changed. When environmental uncertainty increases, the role of absorbed slack reverses,which will inhibit the positive impact of government subsidies on enterprise innovation. Only in the situation of small changes in external environment and high absorbed slack of enterprises can government subsidies better flow to innovation and promote enterprise innovation. The conclusion provides theoretical guidance for government departments to subsidize enterprises in different situations. That is to say, when making decisions,it is necessary to judge the uncertainty of the external environment of enterprises, and consider the amount of absorbed slack within enterprises so as to make rational scientific research decisions.
引文
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[3] Górg H, Strobl E. The Effect of R&D Subsidies on Private R&D[J]. Economica, 2007(74):215-234.
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[6]刘楠,杜跃平.推动我国中小企业技术创新对策研究[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2016(1):40-44.
[7]邹彩芬,刘双,代亚利.政府R&D补贴、企业技术创新及其创值能力研究[J].中国科技论坛,2014(5):20-26.
[8]邵传林.制度环境、财政补贴与企业创新绩效———基于中国工业企业微观数据的实证研究[J].技术创新与管理,2015(9):34-42.
[9]伍健,田志龙,龙晓枫,等.战略性新兴产业中政府补贴对企业创新的影响[J].科学学研究,2018(1):158-166.
[10] Aalbers R, Shestalova V, Kocsis V. Innovation Policy for Direct Intechnical Change in the Power Sector[J]. Energy Policy, 2013(63):1240-1250.
[11]王一卉.政府补贴、研发投入与企业创新绩效———基于所有制、企业经验与地区差异的研究[J].经济问题探索,2013(7):138-143.
[12] Feldma M P, Kelley M R. The Exante Assessment of Knowledge Spillovers:Government R&D Policy,Economic Incentives and Private Firm Behavior[J]. Research Policy, 2006(10):1509-1521.
[13] Lee C Y. The Differential Effects of Public R&D Support on Firm R&D:Theory and Evidence from Multi-Country Data[J]. Technovation, 2011(5):256-269.
[14]高宏伟.政府补贴对大型国有企业研发的挤出效应研究[J].中国科技论坛,2011(8):15-20.
[15] Wallsten S J. The Effects of Government-Industry R&D Programs on Private R&D:The Case of the Small Business Innovation Research Program[J]. The Journal of Economics, 2000(31):82-100.
[16]刘虹,肖美凤,唐清泉.R&D补贴对企业R&D支出的激励与挤出效应———基于中国上市公司数据的实证分析[J].经济管理,2012(4):19-28.
[17]邵敏,包群.政府补贴与企业生产率[J].中国工业经济,2012(7):70-82.
[18] Sharfman M P, Wolf G, Chase R B, ansik D A. Antecedents of Organizational Slack[J]. Acadamy of Management Review, 1988(4):601-614.
[19] Bourgeois L J. On the Measurement of Organizational Slack[J]. Academy of Management Review, 1981(6):29-39.
[20]王亚妮,程新生.环境不确定性、沉淀性冗余资源与企业创新———基于中国制造业上市公司的经验证据[J].科学学研究,2014(8):1242-1250.
[21]李晓翔,刘春霖.困难情景下组织冗余作用研究:市场搜索强度的调节作用[J].南开管理评论,2013(3):140-148.
[22]解维敏,魏化倩.市场竞争、组织冗余与企业研发投入[J].中国软科学,2016(8):102-111.
[23] Schumpeter, J.A. The theory of economic development[M]. Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.1912/English translation published in 1934.
[24] Tether B S, Hipp C. Knowledge Intensive, Technical and Other Services:Patterns of Competitiveness and Innovation Compared[J]. Technology Analysis&Strategic Management, 2002(2):163-182.
[25]涂远芬.中国企业的自我选择效应与出口学习效应研究———基于制造业与服务业企业层面的比较分析[J].当代财经,2014(8):89-101.
[26]解维敏.业绩薪酬对企业创新影响的实证研究[J].财贸经济,2018(9):141-156.
[27] Lin C, Lin P, Song F M, et al. Managerial Incentives, CEO Characteristics and Corporate Innovation in China’s Private Sector[J]. Journal of Comparative Economics, 2011(2):180-190.
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