宁夏东部荒漠草原灌丛引入过程中土壤有机碳变化及其空间格局预测
|
摘要
以宁夏荒漠草原封育草地、放牧地为对照,对不同年限(3、12、22年)和间距(2、8、40 m)柠条地开展灌丛引入对土壤有机碳(SOC)的影响研究,并模拟预测该地区人工灌丛引入过程中0～40 cm土层SOC空间特征及格局.结果表明:SOC含量随着柠条灌丛引入年限增加和间距的减小而呈增加趋势,各年限和间距柠条灌丛地SOC均值分别比放牧地高42.7%和32.8%,且均与封育草地无显著差异,但SOC的增加趋势在灌丛引入22年出现降低,降幅为27.0%.SOC空间异质性表明,研究区内人工灌丛引入后0～40 cm土层SOC含量为0.21～26.04 g·kg~(-1),均值为3.75 g·kg~(-1),变异系数为90.9%～114.7%;0～5、15～40 cm土层符合高斯模型,5～15 cm土层符合球状模型;0～5、5～15 cm土层变程均小于15～40 cm土层,三者分别为3.11、3.00和10.10 km.0～5、5～15 cm土层SOC的块金系数C_0/(C_0+C)为0.2%～16.3%,具有强烈的空间相关性;15～40 cm土层的块金系数为36.9%,为中等程度相关.人工灌丛引入过程中加速了退化荒漠草地0～40 cm土层SOC的累积与固定,同时加剧了土壤表层SOC空间异质性、破碎化,且与封育14年荒漠草地SOC含量无显著差异,其空间异质性、破碎化程度随土层深度增加均呈减弱趋势.
With the 14-year enclosed grassland and the grazed grassland as control, the impacts of anthropogenic shrublands(Caragana korshinskii) with the different planting years(3, 12, 22 a) and planting spaces(2, 8, 40 m) on soil organic carbon(SOC) contents were examined in the desert steppe of Eastern Ningxia, China. We further analyzed the spatial pattern and heterogeneity of SOC in 0-40 cm soil layer of the grassland area with introduced shrubs. The results showed that SOC in C. korshinskii shrublands had an increase trend with increased planting years and decreased spaces. The mean SOC with different planting years and spaces was 42.7% and 32.8% more than that in grazing land, respectively. There was no significant difference of SOC between shrublands and the 14-year enclosed grassland. The increase trend of SOC decreased by 27.0% in 22-year planting shrubland. The SOC content of 0-40 cm soil layer varied from 0.21 g·kg~(-1) to 26.04 g·kg~(-1)(with a mean of 3.75 g·kg~(-1)), and the coefficient of SOC variation ranged from 90.9% to 114.7%. The SOC in 0-5 cm and 15-40 cm soil layers fitted the optimal theory formulation of Gaussian model, while that in 5-15 cm soil layer fitted a spherical model. The ranges(A_0) of spatial autocorrelation in the 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil layers were smaller(3.11, 3.00 km) than that in 15-40 cm soil layer(10.10 km). The nugget/sill C_0/(C_0+C) of SOC in 0-5, 5-15 cm soil layer was 0.2% and 16.3%, indicating a strong spatial correlation, while that in 15-40 cm soil layer was 36.9%, with a moderate correlation. The shrub introdution could significantly accelerate the accumulation and fixation of SOC in top 40 cm soil layer in degraded desert steppe, but also intensified the spatial heterogeneity and SOC fragmentation. The SOC content in the anthropogenic shrublands had no significant difference from that in the enclosed desert steppe(14 years). The SOC spatial heterogeneity and the degree of fragmentation were weakened and decreased with the increasing soil layer depth.
With the 14-year enclosed grassland and the grazed grassland as control, the impacts of anthropogenic shrublands(Caragana korshinskii) with the different planting years(3, 12, 22 a) and planting spaces(2, 8, 40 m) on soil organic carbon(SOC) contents were examined in the desert steppe of Eastern Ningxia, China. We further analyzed the spatial pattern and heterogeneity of SOC in 0-40 cm soil layer of the grassland area with introduced shrubs. The results showed that SOC in C. korshinskii shrublands had an increase trend with increased planting years and decreased spaces. The mean SOC with different planting years and spaces was 42.7% and 32.8% more than that in grazing land, respectively. There was no significant difference of SOC between shrublands and the 14-year enclosed grassland. The increase trend of SOC decreased by 27.0% in 22-year planting shrubland. The SOC content of 0-40 cm soil layer varied from 0.21 g·kg~(-1) to 26.04 g·kg~(-1)(with a mean of 3.75 g·kg~(-1)), and the coefficient of SOC variation ranged from 90.9% to 114.7%. The SOC in 0-5 cm and 15-40 cm soil layers fitted the optimal theory formulation of Gaussian model, while that in 5-15 cm soil layer fitted a spherical model. The ranges(A_0) of spatial autocorrelation in the 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil layers were smaller(3.11, 3.00 km) than that in 15-40 cm soil layer(10.10 km). The nugget/sill C_0/(C_0+C) of SOC in 0-5, 5-15 cm soil layer was 0.2% and 16.3%, indicating a strong spatial correlation, while that in 15-40 cm soil layer was 36.9%, with a moderate correlation. The shrub introdution could significantly accelerate the accumulation and fixation of SOC in top 40 cm soil layer in degraded desert steppe, but also intensified the spatial heterogeneity and SOC fragmentation. The SOC content in the anthropogenic shrublands had no significant difference from that in the enclosed desert steppe(14 years). The SOC spatial heterogeneity and the degree of fragmentation were weakened and decreased with the increasing soil layer depth.
引文
[1] Archer S,Schimel DS,Holland EA.Mechanisms of shrubland expansion:Land use,climate or CO2.Climatic Change,1995,29:91-99
[2] House JI,Archer S,Breshears DD,et al.Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems.Journal of Biogeography,2010,30:1763-1777
[3] Wu XB.Observation:Long-term increases in mesquite canopy cover in a North Texas savanna.Journal of Range Management,2001,54:171-176
[4] Van Auken OW.Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands.Annual Review of Ecology & Systema-tics,2000,31:197-215
[5] D’Odorico P,Okin GS,Bestelmeyer BT.A synthetic review of feedbacks and drivers of shrub encroachment in arid grasslands.Ecohydrology,2012,5:520-530
[6] Ni J.Carbon storage in grasslands of China.Journal of Arid Environments,2002,50:205-218
[7] Tang X,Zhao X,Bai Y,et al.Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4021-4026
[8] Petrie MD,Collins SL,Swann AM,et al.Grassland to shrubland state transitions enhance carbon sequestration in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.Global Change Biology,2015,21:1226-1235
[9] Heras MDL,Turnbull L,Wainwright J.Seed-bank structure and plant-recruitment conditions regulate the dynamics of a grassland-shrubland Chihuahuan ecotone.Ecology,2016,97:2303-2318
[10] King AW,Dilling L,Zimmerman GP,et al.The first state of the carbon cycle report (SOCCR):The North American carbon budget and implications for the global carbon cycle.Climate Change Science Program,2007:126-147
[11] Van Auken OW,Bush JK.Invasion of Woody Legumes.Vision 4.New York:Springer,2013
[12] Throop HL,Lajtha K,Kramer M.Density fractionation and 13C reveal changes in soil carbon following woody encroachment in a desert ecosystem.Biogeochemistry,2013,112:409-422
[13] Mckinley DC,Blair JM.Woody plant encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a mesic native grassland promotes rapid carbon and nitrogen accrual.Ecosystems,2008,11:454-468
[14] Hagos MG,Smit GN.Soil enrichment by Acacia melli-fera subsp.detinens on nutrient poor sandy soil in a semi-arid southern African savanna.Journal of Arid Environments,2005,61:47-59
[15] Li H,Shen HH,Chen LY,et al.Effects of shrub encroachment on soil organic carbon in global grasslands.Scientific Reports,2016,6:28974
[16] Jackson RB,Banner JL,Jobbágy EG,et al.Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands.Nature,2002,418:623-626
[17] Qiu LP,Wei XR,Zhang XC,et al.Soil organic carbon losses due to land use change in a semiarid grassland.Plant and Soil,2012,355:299-309
[18] Coetsee C,Gray EF,Wakeling J,et al.Low gains in ecosystem carbon with woody plant encroachment in a South African savanna.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2013,29:49-60
[19] Belay L,Kebede F.The impact of woody plants encroachment on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Yabello District,Borana Zone,Southern Ethio-pia.Journal of the Drylands,2010,3:234-240
[20] Lett MS,Knapp AK,Briggs JM,et al.Influence of shrub encroachment on aboveground net primary productivity and carbon and nitrogen pools in a mesic grassland.Canadian Journal of Botany,2004,82:1363-1370
[21] Torn MS,Trumbore SE,Chadwick OA,et al.Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover.Nature,1997,389:170-173
[22] Barger NN,Archer SR,Campbell JL,et al.Woody plant proliferation in North American drylands:A synthesis of impacts on ecosystem carbon balance.Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2015,116:165-176
[23] Zhang Z-H (张志华),Li X-Y (李小雁),Jiang Z-Y (蒋志云),et al.Relationship between shrub encroachment and soil properties in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2017,26(2):224-230 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang P-J (张璞进),Qing H (清华),Zhang L (张雷),et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of Caragana tibetica communities in Nei Mongol shrub-encroached grassland.China Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2017,41(2):165-174 (in Chinese)
[25] Xiong X-G (熊小刚),Han X-G (韩兴国).Spatial heterogeneity in soil carbon and nitrogen resources,caused by Caragana microphylla,in the thicketization of semiarid grassland,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2005,25(7):1678-1683 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhao Y-N (赵亚楠),Zhou Y-R (周玉蓉),Wang H-M (王红梅).Spatial heterogeneities of soil water conment under anthropogenic introduced shrub (Caragana korshinskii) encroachment in desert grassland of the Eastern Ningxia Area,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(11):3577-3586 (in Chinese)
[27] Bao S-D (鲍士旦).Soil and Agro-Chemistrical Analysis.3rd Ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999:30 (in Chinese)
[28] Porporato A,D’Odorico P,Laio F,et al.Ecohydrology of water-controlled ecosystems.Advances in Water Resources,2002,25:1335-1348
[29] Cho E,Choi M.Regional scale spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and its relationship with meteorological factors over the Korean peninsula.Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:317-329
[30] Fang KK,Li HK,Wang ZK,et al.Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard.Scientia Horticulturae,2016,207:65-72
[31] Wang Z-Q (王政权).Geostatistics and Application in Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,1999:96-100 (in Chinese)
[32] Eldridge DJ,Maestre FT,Maltez-Mouro S,et al.A global database of shrub encroachment effects on ecosystem structure and functioning.Ecology,2012,93:2499
[33] Davidson EA,Trumbore SE,Amundson R.Soil warming and organic carbon content.Nature,2000,408:789-790
[34] Yang Y (杨阳),Liu B-R (刘秉儒),Song N-P (宋乃平),et al.The effect of planted caragana density on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in desert steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2014,23(5):107-115 (in Chinese)
[35] Song XZ,Peng CH,Zhou GM,et al.Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels:A meta-analysis.Scientific Reports,2014,4:4460
[36] Lu F,Hu H,Sun W,et al.Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4039-4044
[37] Yang YH,Luo YQ,Finzi AC.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,2011,190:977-989
[38] Hassink J.The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles.Plant and Soil,1997,191:77-87
[39] Xiong X-G (熊小刚),Han X-G (韩兴国).Dynamics of the small-scale heterogeneity of the soil carbon and nitrogen resources associated with Caragana microphylla in Inner Mongolia degraded steppe.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2006,26(2):483-488 (in Chinese)
[40] Wang T,Kang FF,Han HR,et al.Spatial variability of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the soils of a subalpine forested catchment at Mt.Taiyue,China.Catena,2016,155:41-52
[2] House JI,Archer S,Breshears DD,et al.Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems.Journal of Biogeography,2010,30:1763-1777
[3] Wu XB.Observation:Long-term increases in mesquite canopy cover in a North Texas savanna.Journal of Range Management,2001,54:171-176
[4] Van Auken OW.Shrub invasions of North American semiarid grasslands.Annual Review of Ecology & Systema-tics,2000,31:197-215
[5] D’Odorico P,Okin GS,Bestelmeyer BT.A synthetic review of feedbacks and drivers of shrub encroachment in arid grasslands.Ecohydrology,2012,5:520-530
[6] Ni J.Carbon storage in grasslands of China.Journal of Arid Environments,2002,50:205-218
[7] Tang X,Zhao X,Bai Y,et al.Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems:New estimates based on an intensive field survey.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4021-4026
[8] Petrie MD,Collins SL,Swann AM,et al.Grassland to shrubland state transitions enhance carbon sequestration in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.Global Change Biology,2015,21:1226-1235
[9] Heras MDL,Turnbull L,Wainwright J.Seed-bank structure and plant-recruitment conditions regulate the dynamics of a grassland-shrubland Chihuahuan ecotone.Ecology,2016,97:2303-2318
[10] King AW,Dilling L,Zimmerman GP,et al.The first state of the carbon cycle report (SOCCR):The North American carbon budget and implications for the global carbon cycle.Climate Change Science Program,2007:126-147
[11] Van Auken OW,Bush JK.Invasion of Woody Legumes.Vision 4.New York:Springer,2013
[12] Throop HL,Lajtha K,Kramer M.Density fractionation and 13C reveal changes in soil carbon following woody encroachment in a desert ecosystem.Biogeochemistry,2013,112:409-422
[13] Mckinley DC,Blair JM.Woody plant encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a mesic native grassland promotes rapid carbon and nitrogen accrual.Ecosystems,2008,11:454-468
[14] Hagos MG,Smit GN.Soil enrichment by Acacia melli-fera subsp.detinens on nutrient poor sandy soil in a semi-arid southern African savanna.Journal of Arid Environments,2005,61:47-59
[15] Li H,Shen HH,Chen LY,et al.Effects of shrub encroachment on soil organic carbon in global grasslands.Scientific Reports,2016,6:28974
[16] Jackson RB,Banner JL,Jobbágy EG,et al.Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands.Nature,2002,418:623-626
[17] Qiu LP,Wei XR,Zhang XC,et al.Soil organic carbon losses due to land use change in a semiarid grassland.Plant and Soil,2012,355:299-309
[18] Coetsee C,Gray EF,Wakeling J,et al.Low gains in ecosystem carbon with woody plant encroachment in a South African savanna.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2013,29:49-60
[19] Belay L,Kebede F.The impact of woody plants encroachment on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in Yabello District,Borana Zone,Southern Ethio-pia.Journal of the Drylands,2010,3:234-240
[20] Lett MS,Knapp AK,Briggs JM,et al.Influence of shrub encroachment on aboveground net primary productivity and carbon and nitrogen pools in a mesic grassland.Canadian Journal of Botany,2004,82:1363-1370
[21] Torn MS,Trumbore SE,Chadwick OA,et al.Mineral control of soil organic carbon storage and turnover.Nature,1997,389:170-173
[22] Barger NN,Archer SR,Campbell JL,et al.Woody plant proliferation in North American drylands:A synthesis of impacts on ecosystem carbon balance.Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2015,116:165-176
[23] Zhang Z-H (张志华),Li X-Y (李小雁),Jiang Z-Y (蒋志云),et al.Relationship between shrub encroachment and soil properties in the typical steppe of Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2017,26(2):224-230 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang P-J (张璞进),Qing H (清华),Zhang L (张雷),et al.Population structure and spatial pattern of Caragana tibetica communities in Nei Mongol shrub-encroached grassland.China Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2017,41(2):165-174 (in Chinese)
[25] Xiong X-G (熊小刚),Han X-G (韩兴国).Spatial heterogeneity in soil carbon and nitrogen resources,caused by Caragana microphylla,in the thicketization of semiarid grassland,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2005,25(7):1678-1683 (in Chinese)
[26] Zhao Y-N (赵亚楠),Zhou Y-R (周玉蓉),Wang H-M (王红梅).Spatial heterogeneities of soil water conment under anthropogenic introduced shrub (Caragana korshinskii) encroachment in desert grassland of the Eastern Ningxia Area,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(11):3577-3586 (in Chinese)
[27] Bao S-D (鲍士旦).Soil and Agro-Chemistrical Analysis.3rd Ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999:30 (in Chinese)
[28] Porporato A,D’Odorico P,Laio F,et al.Ecohydrology of water-controlled ecosystems.Advances in Water Resources,2002,25:1335-1348
[29] Cho E,Choi M.Regional scale spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture and its relationship with meteorological factors over the Korean peninsula.Journal of Hydrology,2014,516:317-329
[30] Fang KK,Li HK,Wang ZK,et al.Comparative analysis on spatial variability of soil moisture under different land use types in orchard.Scientia Horticulturae,2016,207:65-72
[31] Wang Z-Q (王政权).Geostatistics and Application in Ecology.Beijing:Science Press,1999:96-100 (in Chinese)
[32] Eldridge DJ,Maestre FT,Maltez-Mouro S,et al.A global database of shrub encroachment effects on ecosystem structure and functioning.Ecology,2012,93:2499
[33] Davidson EA,Trumbore SE,Amundson R.Soil warming and organic carbon content.Nature,2000,408:789-790
[34] Yang Y (杨阳),Liu B-R (刘秉儒),Song N-P (宋乃平),et al.The effect of planted caragana density on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in desert steppe.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2014,23(5):107-115 (in Chinese)
[35] Song XZ,Peng CH,Zhou GM,et al.Chinese Grain for Green Program led to highly increased soil organic carbon levels:A meta-analysis.Scientific Reports,2014,4:4460
[36] Lu F,Hu H,Sun W,et al.Effects of national ecological restoration projects on carbon sequestration in China from 2001 to 2010.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4039-4044
[37] Yang YH,Luo YQ,Finzi AC.Carbon and nitrogen dynamics during forest stand development:A global synthesis.New Phytologist,2011,190:977-989
[38] Hassink J.The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles.Plant and Soil,1997,191:77-87
[39] Xiong X-G (熊小刚),Han X-G (韩兴国).Dynamics of the small-scale heterogeneity of the soil carbon and nitrogen resources associated with Caragana microphylla in Inner Mongolia degraded steppe.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2006,26(2):483-488 (in Chinese)
[40] Wang T,Kang FF,Han HR,et al.Spatial variability of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the soils of a subalpine forested catchment at Mt.Taiyue,China.Catena,2016,155:41-52