藏东南兰科植物多样性及其沿海拔梯度的分布格局
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摘要
藏东南是喜马拉雅地区生物多样性热点地区的重要组成单元,拥有丰富的野生动植物资源。兰科植物是被子植物的第二大科,但对该科植物在藏东南地区的物种数量及分布规律仍然缺乏系统的研究。本研究通过野外调查并结合文献资料,确定了藏东南地区的兰科植物种类及其生活型;并将研究区域按500 m划分为9个海拔梯度,结合系统发育分析了兰科植物垂直分布格局。结果共发现野生兰科植物89属336种(变种),其中地生兰187种、附生兰136种、菌类寄生兰13种。整体来看,兰科植物主要集中分布在1 500～3 500 m海拔段,尤其在海拔2 000～2 500 m分布最多。研究结果表明,藏东南兰科植物呈"中间高度膨胀型"海拔分布趋势,其生活型也有同样的趋势。相邻海拔梯度的兰科植物相似性系数较高,随着海拔差距增大,相似性系数也随之降低。兰科植物区系成分中热带亚洲成分最高(32.8%),其次为中国-喜马拉雅成分(26.2%)和中国特有成分(15.3%)占绝对优势,3者之和占总种数的74.3%。
Southeastern of Tibet is among the hotspots of himalayas biodiversity where has rich wild germplasm resources. Orchidaceae is second families of angiosperm, but still lack of systematic research on species number and distribution in the Southeast of Tibet. In order to reveal the vertical distribution of Orchidaceae in this area, we divided the elevation into a 9-range elevation belts of 500 m interval. Based on the field survey and review to literature data to determined the species and life type. The results shows that we recorded 336 species belongs to 89 genera, terrestrial 187 species; epiphytic 136 species; mycoheterotrophic 13 species. The orchid species diversity showed a hum-shaped pattern along the elevational belts with a peak at 2000-2500 m. The life forms of orchids along the altitude showed the same trend. Orchid plants are mainly occurring at 1500-3500 m elevation belts. The most abundant floristic components were find at the elevation belts from 1500 to 2000 m. There are a higher similatiry index(S?renson and PhyloSor) between the neighboring elevational belts. Among the floristic feature of Orchidaceae, Trop. Asia was the highest were 32.8%, followed by SinoHimalaya were 26.2% and Endemic to China were 15.3%, which accounted for three of the total number of species, accounting for 74.3% of the total species.
Southeastern of Tibet is among the hotspots of himalayas biodiversity where has rich wild germplasm resources. Orchidaceae is second families of angiosperm, but still lack of systematic research on species number and distribution in the Southeast of Tibet. In order to reveal the vertical distribution of Orchidaceae in this area, we divided the elevation into a 9-range elevation belts of 500 m interval. Based on the field survey and review to literature data to determined the species and life type. The results shows that we recorded 336 species belongs to 89 genera, terrestrial 187 species; epiphytic 136 species; mycoheterotrophic 13 species. The orchid species diversity showed a hum-shaped pattern along the elevational belts with a peak at 2000-2500 m. The life forms of orchids along the altitude showed the same trend. Orchid plants are mainly occurring at 1500-3500 m elevation belts. The most abundant floristic components were find at the elevation belts from 1500 to 2000 m. There are a higher similatiry index(S?renson and PhyloSor) between the neighboring elevational belts. Among the floristic feature of Orchidaceae, Trop. Asia was the highest were 32.8%, followed by SinoHimalaya were 26.2% and Endemic to China were 15.3%, which accounted for three of the total number of species, accounting for 74.3% of the total species.
引文
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[35]林玲,汪书丽,土艳丽,等.西藏东南部色季拉山兰科植物的区系特征和物种多样性[J].植物分类与资源学报, 2013,35(3):335-342.
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[37]杨正斌,余东莉,刘强.西双版纳兰科植物海拔分布格局[J].林业调查规划, 2014, 39(3):71-75.
[38]韩宇,罗火林,沈宝涛,等.井冈山自然保护区野生兰科植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2015(3):301-306.
[39]卢孟孟,黄小翠,慈秀芹,等.沿海拔梯度变化的哀牢山亚热带森林群落系统发育结构[J].生物多样性, 2014, 22(4):438-448.
[40]舒勇,宗嘎,吴后建.西藏自治区国家级自然保护区的有效管理分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报, 2013, 33(2):91-96.
[2]罗毅波,贾建生,王春玲.中国兰科植物保育的现状和展望[J].生物多样性, 2003, 11(1):70-77.
[3]ChenSC,LiuZJ,ZhuGH,etal. Flora of China. Beijing:Science Press&St[M]. Louis:Missouri Botanical Garden Press,2009:1-19.
[4]陈心启.一个原始的兰科新属进兰属(Tangtsinia)及其在系统发育上的意义[J].中国科学院大学学报, 1965, 10(3):193-206.
[5]陈心启.梅兰属——中国兰科的一个原始新属[J].中国科学院大学学报, 1978, 16(4):82-85.
[6]陈心启.双蕊兰属——一个极其原始和在系统发育上有重要意义的兰科新属[J].中国科学院大学学报, 1979, 17(1):1-6.
[7]Myers N, Mittermeier R A, Mittermeier C G, et al. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities[J]. Nature, 2000, 403(6772):853-858.
[8]郎楷永.西藏兰科植物的地理分布和区系特点的研究[J].中国科学院大学学报, 1980, 18(4):391-407.
[9]吴征镒.西藏植物志.第五卷[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.
[10]LiuZJ,ChenLJ.Paphiopedilumqingyongii-eineneue Orchidaceae aus China. Die Orchidee[J]. 2010, 61(4):281-282.
[11]JinXH.Liparischeniana(Malaxideae:Orchidaceae), a New Species from Xizang, China[J]. Annales Botanici Fennici, 2012,48(2):163-165.
[12]Lai Y J, Jin X H. Micropera tibetica, sp. nov.(Orchidaceae)from southeastern Tibet, China[J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 2012,30(6):687-690.
[13]Jin X H, Efimov P. Platanthera ovatilabris and P. dulongensis spp.nov.andnewrecordsofPlatanthera(Orchidaceae,Orchidoideae)for Yunnan and Tibet, China[J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 2012, 30(3):291-298.
[14]JinWT,ZhouHL,JinXH.Platantherayadongensis(Orchidaceae, Orchideae), A New Species from Tibet, China[J].Systematic Botany, 2001, 38(4):982-986.
[15]Huang WC,JinXH,XiangXG.Malleolatibetica,sp.nov.(Aeridinae, Orchidaceae)from Tibet, China[J]. Nordic Journal of Botany, 2013, 31(6):717-719.
[16]樊杰,金效华,金伟涛.中国兰科二新记录种[J].热带亚热带植物学报, 2012, 20(3):130-132.
[17]JinXH. Anewspeciesof,Neottia,(Orchidaceae,Epidendroideae)from southwestern China[J]. Phytotaxa, 2014,177(3):183-187.
[18]罗建,费文群,李倩.西藏兰科一新记录属——冷兰属[J].西北植物学报, 2015, 35(3):634-635.
[19]桂凌健,彭玉德,黄云峰,等.西藏兰科新记录[J].西北植物学报, 2016, 36(6):1266-1268.
[20]罗建,赵芳玉,兰小中.西藏兰科植物2新记录属[J].浙江大学学报(理学版), 2016, 43(4):502-504.
[21]Wiens J J, Donoghue M J. Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness[J]. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 2004,19(12):639-644.
[22]唐志尧,方精云.植物物种多样性的垂直分布格局[J].生物多样性, 2004, 12(1):20-28.
[23]王国宏.祁连山北坡中段植物群落多样性的垂直分布格局[J].生物多样性, 2002, 10(1):7-14.
[24]王志恒,陈安平,朴世龙,等.高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化[J].生物多样性, 2004, 12(1):82-88.
[25]贺金生,陈伟烈.陆地植物群落物种多样性的梯度变化特征[J].生态学报, 1997, 17(1):91-99.
[26]郎楷永.四川贡嘎山地区兰科植物的地理分布和区系组成[J].中国科学院大学学报, 1985, 23(6):418-428.
[27]Tang C Q, Ohsawa M. Zonal transition of evergreen, deciduous,and coniferous forests along the altitudinal gradient on a humid subtropicalmountain,Mt.Emei,Sichuan,China[J].Plant Ecology, 1997, 133(1):63-78.
[28]吴征镒.中国种子植物属的分布区类型[J].植物分类与资源学报, 1991,13((S4)):1-3.
[29]Zanne A E, Al E. Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments.[J]. Nature, 2014, 506(7486):89-92.
[30]Webb C O, Donoghue M J. Phylomatic:tree assembly for appliedphylogenetics[J].MolecularEcologyResources,2010,5(1):181-183.
[31]S?rensen T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons[J].Biol Skr, 1957(5):1-34.
[32]Faith D P. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity[J].Biological Conservation, 1992, 61(1):1-10.
[33]BryantJ A,LamannaC,MorlonH,etal.Microbeson mountainsides:Contrasting elevational patterns of bacterial and plant diversity[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2008(105):11505-11511.
[34]石松林,王娟,李景吉,等.珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区兰科植物多样性研究[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(9):1897-1902.
[35]林玲,汪书丽,土艳丽,等.西藏东南部色季拉山兰科植物的区系特征和物种多样性[J].植物分类与资源学报, 2013,35(3):335-342.
[36]田怀珍,邢福武.南岭国家级自然保护区兰科植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局[J].生物多样性, 2008, 16(1):75-82.
[37]杨正斌,余东莉,刘强.西双版纳兰科植物海拔分布格局[J].林业调查规划, 2014, 39(3):71-75.
[38]韩宇,罗火林,沈宝涛,等.井冈山自然保护区野生兰科植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局[J].南昌大学学报(理科版),2015(3):301-306.
[39]卢孟孟,黄小翠,慈秀芹,等.沿海拔梯度变化的哀牢山亚热带森林群落系统发育结构[J].生物多样性, 2014, 22(4):438-448.
[40]舒勇,宗嘎,吴后建.西藏自治区国家级自然保护区的有效管理分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报, 2013, 33(2):91-96.