利用P波参数阈值实时估算地震预警潜在破坏区范围
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摘要
由于传统的潜在破坏区范围估算方法只能在已获取到震中位置和地震事件结束后才能产出,且往往需要数分钟的耗时,其实时性已无法满足地震预警要求。因此,为了快速产出潜在破坏区范围估算结果并将其用于预警,本文采用了一种结合现地预警技术和区域预警技术、基于预警参数(位移幅值P_d和特征周期τ_c)阈值的实时潜在破坏区范围估算方法。首先利用国内地震事件(4.0≤MS≤8.0)的记录数据和日本强震动观测事件(6.5≤MJ≤8.0)的数据拟合出特定的适应于我国的参数关系式,包括τ_c与震级M的相关性、P_d与峰值速度PGV的相关性以及P_d与τ_c和震源距R的相关性;其次,根据最小震级(M_S6.0)和仪器烈度(Ⅶ度)定义相应的参数阈值(P_d=0.1 cm和τ_c=1.1 s);最后,利用已有的3次破坏性地震事件数据开展线下模拟,对该方法的适应性和时效性进行了验证。结果表明,对于2013年M_S7.0四川芦山和2014年M_S6.5云南鲁甸两次中强地震,震后约10 s即可获取到比较稳定的潜在破坏区范围估计结果;而对于2008年MS8.0汶川特大地震,在其记录台站分布密度不高的情况下,震后40 s左右的估算结果始呈稳定状态。
Conventional methods used for potentially damaged zone(PDZ) estimation usually take several minutes to produce the results,which are generated only after the epicenter of an earthquake has been acquired and the seismic event has ended,its real-time performance cannot meet the requirements of earthquake early warning(EEW). Therefore,to rapidly produce the estimated range of PDZ for EEW,in this paper,we adopted a real-time method to estimate the PDZ range. The method is an integrated on-site and regional early-warning method based on the predefined thresholds of two early-warning parameters,the peak displacement(Pd) and characteristic period(τc). Firstly,we used seismic events records with MS between 4.0 and 8.0 from the China Strong Motion Networks Center and strong-motion records with MJ between 6.5 and 8.0 downloaded from the Japanese National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience to linearly fit relationships of early-warning parameters,including τc versus M,Pd versus PGV,and Pd as a function of τc and hypocentral distance R. We then defined two early-warning parameters thresholds which are set for a minimum magnitude MS6.0 and instrumental intensity Ⅶ,according to the empirical regression analyses of the applied data. At each recording site,the alert level is assigned based on a decisional table with four alert levels defined upon critical values of the parameters Pd and τc. These two threshold values are Pd=0.1 cm and τc=1.1 s. Given a real-time,evolutionary estimation of earthquake location from first P arrivals,the method furnishes an estimation of the extent of PDZ as inferred from continuously updated averages of the period parameter and from mapping of the alert levels determined at the near-source seismic stations. Finally,to test the method's efficiency and rapidity on mapping the damage zone in a few seconds after an earthquake occurrence,we offline applied the methodology to the strong-motion records of three destructive seismic events. The results show that a robust estimation of the PDZ range for moderate-to-large earthquakes like the 2013 MS7.0 Lushan and 2014 MS6.6 Ludian events can be obtained at about 10 s after the earthquake occurrence. And for the Wenchuan giant earthquake,as the case of low density of recording stations,the prediction of the PDZ becomes stable about 40 s after its occurred time.
Conventional methods used for potentially damaged zone(PDZ) estimation usually take several minutes to produce the results,which are generated only after the epicenter of an earthquake has been acquired and the seismic event has ended,its real-time performance cannot meet the requirements of earthquake early warning(EEW). Therefore,to rapidly produce the estimated range of PDZ for EEW,in this paper,we adopted a real-time method to estimate the PDZ range. The method is an integrated on-site and regional early-warning method based on the predefined thresholds of two early-warning parameters,the peak displacement(Pd) and characteristic period(τc). Firstly,we used seismic events records with MS between 4.0 and 8.0 from the China Strong Motion Networks Center and strong-motion records with MJ between 6.5 and 8.0 downloaded from the Japanese National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience to linearly fit relationships of early-warning parameters,including τc versus M,Pd versus PGV,and Pd as a function of τc and hypocentral distance R. We then defined two early-warning parameters thresholds which are set for a minimum magnitude MS6.0 and instrumental intensity Ⅶ,according to the empirical regression analyses of the applied data. At each recording site,the alert level is assigned based on a decisional table with four alert levels defined upon critical values of the parameters Pd and τc. These two threshold values are Pd=0.1 cm and τc=1.1 s. Given a real-time,evolutionary estimation of earthquake location from first P arrivals,the method furnishes an estimation of the extent of PDZ as inferred from continuously updated averages of the period parameter and from mapping of the alert levels determined at the near-source seismic stations. Finally,to test the method's efficiency and rapidity on mapping the damage zone in a few seconds after an earthquake occurrence,we offline applied the methodology to the strong-motion records of three destructive seismic events. The results show that a robust estimation of the PDZ range for moderate-to-large earthquakes like the 2013 MS7.0 Lushan and 2014 MS6.6 Ludian events can be obtained at about 10 s after the earthquake occurrence. And for the Wenchuan giant earthquake,as the case of low density of recording stations,the prediction of the PDZ becomes stable about 40 s after its occurred time.
引文
陈鲲,俞言祥,高孟潭,冯静. 2012.用有限强地震动记录校正等震线的估计研究[J].地震学报,34(5):633–645.Chen K,Yu Y X,Gao M T,Feng J. 2012. Study on bias correction of ShakeMaps based on limited acceleration records[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica,34(5):633–645(in Chinese).
马强. 2008.地震预警技术研究及应用[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1-154.Ma Q. 2008. Study and Application on Earthquake Early Warning[D]. Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration:1-154(in Chinese).
马强,李水龙,李山有,陶冬旺. 2014.不同地震动参数与地震烈度的相关性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动, 34(4):83 –92.Ma Q,Li S L,Li S Y,Tao D W. 2014. On the correlation of ground motion parameters with seismic intensity[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,34(4):83–92(in Chinese).
彭朝勇,杨建思,薛兵,陈阳,朱小毅. 2013.基于汶川主震及余震的预警参数与震级相关性研究[J].地球物理学报,56 (10):3404–3415.Peng C Y,Yang J S,Xue B,Chen Y,Zhu X Y. 2013. Research on correlation between early-warning parameters and magnitude for the Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(10):3404–3415(in Chinese).
宋晋东,教聪聪,李山有,侯宝瑞. 2018a.基于地震P波双参数阈值的高速铁路Ⅰ级地震警报预测方法[J].中国铁道科学,39(1):138–144.Song J D,Jiao C C,Li S Y,Hou B R. 2018a. Prediction method of first-level earthquake warning for high speed railway based on two-parameter threshold of seismic P-wave[J]. China Railway Science,39(1):138–144(in Chinese).
宋晋东,教聪聪,李山有,侯宝瑞,汪源. 2018b.一种基于地震早期辐射P波能量的高速铁路Ⅰ级地震警报预测方法[J].振动与冲击,37(19):14–22,38.Song J D,Jiao C C,Li S Y,Hou B R,Wang Y. 2018b. A predicting method for magnitudeⅠearthquake alarm of high-speed railways based on seismic early radiated P-wave energy[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,37(19):14–22,38(in Chinese).
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴. 2008.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程[J].地球物理学报,51(5):1403–1410.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,Yao Z X. 2008. Rupture process of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(5):1403–1410(in Chinese).
王玉石,周正华,兰日清. 2010.利用修正谱烈度确定我国西部地区仪器烈度的建议方法[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,18 (增刊1):119–129.Wang Y S,Zhou Z H,Lan R Q. 2010. A proposed method for instrumental intensity determination in west China using modified spectrum intensity[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,18(S1):119–129(in Chinese).
张红才. 2013.地震预警系统关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1-161.Zhang H C. 2013. Study of Key Technologies in Earthquake Early Warning System[D]. Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration:1-161(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2008.汶川8.0级地震烈度分布图[EB/OL].[2008-09-01]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/xydt/5219388/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2008. Seismic intensity distribution map of the 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[EB/OL].[2008-09-01].https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/xydt/5219388/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2013.中国地震局发布四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2013-04-25]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/zwgk/tzgg/5195230/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2013. China Earthquake Administration released the seismic intensity distribution map of the “4·20” MS 7.0Lushan,Sichuan,earthquake[EB/OL].[2013-04-25]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/zwgk/tzgg/5195230/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2014.中国地震局发布云南鲁甸6.5级地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2014-08-07]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzzt/3571618/3571619/3577650/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2014. China Earthquake Administration released the seismic intensity distribution map of the MS 6.5 Ludian,Yunnan,earthquake[EB/OL].[2014-08-07]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzzt/3571618/3571619/3577650/index.html(in Chinese).
Allen T I,Wald D J. 2009. On the use of high-resolution topographic data as a proxy for seismic site conditions(VS30)[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(2A):935–943.
Atkinson G M,Kaka S I. 2007. Relationships between felt intensity and instrumental ground motion in the central United States and California[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(2):497–510.
Colombelli S,Amoroso O,Zollo A,Kanamori H. 2012a. Test of a threshold-based earthquake early-warning method using Japanese data[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,102(3):1266–1275.
Colombelli S,Zollo A,Festa G,Kanamori H. 2012b. Early magnitude and potential damage zone estimates for the great MW9Tohoku-Oki earthquake[J]. Geophys Res Lett,39(22):L22306.
Colombelli S,Zollo A,Festa G,Picozzi M. 2014. Evidence for a difference in rupture initiation between small and large earthquakes[J]. Nat Commun,5:3958.
Cua G,Heaton T. 2007.The virtual seismologist(VS)method:A bayesian approach to earthquake early warning[G]//Earthquake Early Warning Systems. Heidelberg:Springer:97-132.
Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,Kamimura A,Fujinawa Y. 2005. An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,95(2):708–718.
Lu M,Li X J,An X W,Zhao J X. 2010. A preliminary study on the near-source strong-motion characteristics of the great 2008Wenchuan earthquake in China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(5B):2491–2507.
Moratto L,Costa G,Suhadolc P. 2009. Real-time generation of ShakeMaps in the southeastern Alps[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(4):2489–2501.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Xue B,Zhu X Y,Chen Y. 2014. Exploring the feasibility of earthquake early warning using records of the2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks[J]. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,57:86–93.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Chen Y,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Zheng Y,Jiang X D. 2015. Application of a threshold-based earthquake early warning method to the MW6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J]. Seismol Res Lett,86(3):841–847.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Zheng Y,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Chen Y. 2017a. Newτc regression relationship derived from all P wave time windows for rapid magnitude estimation[J]. Geophys Res Lett,44(4):1724–1731.
Peng C Y,Chen Y,Chen Q S,Yang J S,Wang H T,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Zheng Y. 2017b. A new type of tri-axial accelerometers with high dynamic range MEMS for earthquake early warning[J]. Comput Geosci,100:179–187.
Satriano C,Lomax A,Zollo A. 2008. Real-time evolutionary earthquake location for seismic early warning[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,98(3):1482–1494.
Shieh J T,Wu Y M,Allen R M. 2008. A comparison ofτm ax c andτP for magnitude estimation in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,35(20):L20301.
Teng T L,Wu L D,Shi T C,Tsai Y B,Lee W H K. 1997. One minute after:Strong-motion map,effective epicenter,and effective magnitude[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,87(5):1209–1219.
Wald D J,Quitoriano V,Heaton T H,Kanamori H. 1999. Relationships between peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and modified Mercalli intensity in California[J]. Earthq Spectra,15(3):557–564.
Wald D J,Worden B C,Quitoriano V,Pankow K L. 2006. ShakeMap Manual:Technical Manual,User’s Guide,and Software Guide[R].[2012-02-04]. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/12A01/.
Wang W T,Ni S D,Chen Y,Kanamori H. 2009. Magnitude estimation for early warning applications using the initial part of P waves:A case study on the 2008 Wenchuan sequence[J]. Geophys Res Lett,36(16):L16305.
Worden C B,Wald D J,Allen T I,Lin K W,García D,Cua G. 2010. A revised ground-motion and intensity interpolation scheme for ShakeMap[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(6):3083–3096.
Wu Y M,Zhao L. 2006. Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(16):L16312.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H. 2008. Exploring the feasibility of on-site earthquake early warning using close-in records of the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake[J]. Earth Planets Space,60(2):155–160.
Wu Y M,Shin T C,Chang C H. 2001. Near real-time mapping of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity following a strong earthquake[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(5):1218–1228.
Wu Y M,Teng T L,Shin T C,Hsiao N C. 2003. Relationship between peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and intensity in Taiwan[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,93(1):386–396.
Zhang H C,Jin X,Wei Y X,Li J,Kang L C,Wang S C,Huang L Z,Yu P Q. 2016. An earthquake early warning system in Fujian,China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,106(2):755–765.
Zhang Y,Feng W P,Xu L S,Zhou C H,Chen Y T. 2009. Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Sci China Ser D:Earth Sci,52(2):145–154.
Zollo A,Amoroso O,Lancieri M,Wu Y M,Kanamori H. 2010. A threshold-based earthquake early warning using dense accelerometer networks[J]. Geophys J Int,183(2):963–974.
(1)中国地震局内部资料。2015。仪器地震烈度计算暂行规程。4-11.
马强. 2008.地震预警技术研究及应用[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1-154.Ma Q. 2008. Study and Application on Earthquake Early Warning[D]. Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration:1-154(in Chinese).
马强,李水龙,李山有,陶冬旺. 2014.不同地震动参数与地震烈度的相关性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动, 34(4):83 –92.Ma Q,Li S L,Li S Y,Tao D W. 2014. On the correlation of ground motion parameters with seismic intensity[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Dynamics,34(4):83–92(in Chinese).
彭朝勇,杨建思,薛兵,陈阳,朱小毅. 2013.基于汶川主震及余震的预警参数与震级相关性研究[J].地球物理学报,56 (10):3404–3415.Peng C Y,Yang J S,Xue B,Chen Y,Zhu X Y. 2013. Research on correlation between early-warning parameters and magnitude for the Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,56(10):3404–3415(in Chinese).
宋晋东,教聪聪,李山有,侯宝瑞. 2018a.基于地震P波双参数阈值的高速铁路Ⅰ级地震警报预测方法[J].中国铁道科学,39(1):138–144.Song J D,Jiao C C,Li S Y,Hou B R. 2018a. Prediction method of first-level earthquake warning for high speed railway based on two-parameter threshold of seismic P-wave[J]. China Railway Science,39(1):138–144(in Chinese).
宋晋东,教聪聪,李山有,侯宝瑞,汪源. 2018b.一种基于地震早期辐射P波能量的高速铁路Ⅰ级地震警报预测方法[J].振动与冲击,37(19):14–22,38.Song J D,Jiao C C,Li S Y,Hou B R,Wang Y. 2018b. A predicting method for magnitudeⅠearthquake alarm of high-speed railways based on seismic early radiated P-wave energy[J]. Journal of Vibration and Shock,37(19):14–22,38(in Chinese).
王卫民,赵连锋,李娟,姚振兴. 2008.四川汶川8.0级地震震源过程[J].地球物理学报,51(5):1403–1410.Wang W M,Zhao L F,Li J,Yao Z X. 2008. Rupture process of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(5):1403–1410(in Chinese).
王玉石,周正华,兰日清. 2010.利用修正谱烈度确定我国西部地区仪器烈度的建议方法[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,18 (增刊1):119–129.Wang Y S,Zhou Z H,Lan R Q. 2010. A proposed method for instrumental intensity determination in west China using modified spectrum intensity[J]. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,18(S1):119–129(in Chinese).
张红才. 2013.地震预警系统关键技术研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1-161.Zhang H C. 2013. Study of Key Technologies in Earthquake Early Warning System[D]. Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration:1-161(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2008.汶川8.0级地震烈度分布图[EB/OL].[2008-09-01]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/xydt/5219388/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2008. Seismic intensity distribution map of the 2008 MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[EB/OL].[2008-09-01].https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/xwzx/xydt/5219388/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2013.中国地震局发布四川省芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2013-04-25]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/zwgk/tzgg/5195230/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2013. China Earthquake Administration released the seismic intensity distribution map of the “4·20” MS 7.0Lushan,Sichuan,earthquake[EB/OL].[2013-04-25]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/zwgk/tzgg/5195230/index.html(in Chinese).
中国地震局. 2014.中国地震局发布云南鲁甸6.5级地震烈度图[EB/OL].[2014-08-07]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzzt/3571618/3571619/3577650/index.html.China Earthquake Administration. 2014. China Earthquake Administration released the seismic intensity distribution map of the MS 6.5 Ludian,Yunnan,earthquake[EB/OL].[2014-08-07]. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/dzpd/dzzt/3571618/3571619/3577650/index.html(in Chinese).
Allen T I,Wald D J. 2009. On the use of high-resolution topographic data as a proxy for seismic site conditions(VS30)[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(2A):935–943.
Atkinson G M,Kaka S I. 2007. Relationships between felt intensity and instrumental ground motion in the central United States and California[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,97(2):497–510.
Colombelli S,Amoroso O,Zollo A,Kanamori H. 2012a. Test of a threshold-based earthquake early-warning method using Japanese data[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,102(3):1266–1275.
Colombelli S,Zollo A,Festa G,Kanamori H. 2012b. Early magnitude and potential damage zone estimates for the great MW9Tohoku-Oki earthquake[J]. Geophys Res Lett,39(22):L22306.
Colombelli S,Zollo A,Festa G,Picozzi M. 2014. Evidence for a difference in rupture initiation between small and large earthquakes[J]. Nat Commun,5:3958.
Cua G,Heaton T. 2007.The virtual seismologist(VS)method:A bayesian approach to earthquake early warning[G]//Earthquake Early Warning Systems. Heidelberg:Springer:97-132.
Horiuchi S,Negishi H,Abe K,Kamimura A,Fujinawa Y. 2005. An automatic processing system for broadcasting earthquake alarms[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,95(2):708–718.
Lu M,Li X J,An X W,Zhao J X. 2010. A preliminary study on the near-source strong-motion characteristics of the great 2008Wenchuan earthquake in China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(5B):2491–2507.
Moratto L,Costa G,Suhadolc P. 2009. Real-time generation of ShakeMaps in the southeastern Alps[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,99(4):2489–2501.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Xue B,Zhu X Y,Chen Y. 2014. Exploring the feasibility of earthquake early warning using records of the2008 Wenchuan earthquake and its aftershocks[J]. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng,57:86–93.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Chen Y,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Zheng Y,Jiang X D. 2015. Application of a threshold-based earthquake early warning method to the MW6.6 Lushan earthquake,Sichuan,China[J]. Seismol Res Lett,86(3):841–847.
Peng C Y,Yang J S,Zheng Y,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Chen Y. 2017a. Newτc regression relationship derived from all P wave time windows for rapid magnitude estimation[J]. Geophys Res Lett,44(4):1724–1731.
Peng C Y,Chen Y,Chen Q S,Yang J S,Wang H T,Zhu X Y,Xu Z Q,Zheng Y. 2017b. A new type of tri-axial accelerometers with high dynamic range MEMS for earthquake early warning[J]. Comput Geosci,100:179–187.
Satriano C,Lomax A,Zollo A. 2008. Real-time evolutionary earthquake location for seismic early warning[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,98(3):1482–1494.
Shieh J T,Wu Y M,Allen R M. 2008. A comparison ofτm ax c andτP for magnitude estimation in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,35(20):L20301.
Teng T L,Wu L D,Shi T C,Tsai Y B,Lee W H K. 1997. One minute after:Strong-motion map,effective epicenter,and effective magnitude[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,87(5):1209–1219.
Wald D J,Quitoriano V,Heaton T H,Kanamori H. 1999. Relationships between peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and modified Mercalli intensity in California[J]. Earthq Spectra,15(3):557–564.
Wald D J,Worden B C,Quitoriano V,Pankow K L. 2006. ShakeMap Manual:Technical Manual,User’s Guide,and Software Guide[R].[2012-02-04]. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/12A01/.
Wang W T,Ni S D,Chen Y,Kanamori H. 2009. Magnitude estimation for early warning applications using the initial part of P waves:A case study on the 2008 Wenchuan sequence[J]. Geophys Res Lett,36(16):L16305.
Worden C B,Wald D J,Allen T I,Lin K W,García D,Cua G. 2010. A revised ground-motion and intensity interpolation scheme for ShakeMap[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,100(6):3083–3096.
Wu Y M,Zhao L. 2006. Magnitude estimation using the first three seconds P-wave amplitude in earthquake early warning[J].Geophys Res Lett,33(16):L16312.
Wu Y M,Kanamori H. 2008. Exploring the feasibility of on-site earthquake early warning using close-in records of the 2007 Noto Hanto earthquake[J]. Earth Planets Space,60(2):155–160.
Wu Y M,Shin T C,Chang C H. 2001. Near real-time mapping of peak ground acceleration and peak ground velocity following a strong earthquake[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,91(5):1218–1228.
Wu Y M,Teng T L,Shin T C,Hsiao N C. 2003. Relationship between peak ground acceleration,peak ground velocity,and intensity in Taiwan[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,93(1):386–396.
Zhang H C,Jin X,Wei Y X,Li J,Kang L C,Wang S C,Huang L Z,Yu P Q. 2016. An earthquake early warning system in Fujian,China[J]. Bull Seismol Soc Am,106(2):755–765.
Zhang Y,Feng W P,Xu L S,Zhou C H,Chen Y T. 2009. Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake[J]. Sci China Ser D:Earth Sci,52(2):145–154.
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