水氮耦合下冬小麦LAI与株高的动态特征及其与产量的关系
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摘要
为了进一步阐明灌水施氮对小麦生长(叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)和株高)和产量的影响机制,本研究在2012-2014年2a大田试验基础上,采用修正的Logistic和Richards数学模型定量分析了不同灌水施氮处理对LAI和株高的动态发育的影响,以及LAI和株高动态变化过程与产量及产量构成的回归关系。结果表明灌水能显著提高LAI的最大扩展速率(LRmax),从而增大最大LAI和平均LAI。施氮通过降低达到最大速率和最大LAI时的积温、增大LRmax来提高最大LAI和平均LAI(分别由不施氮下的1.87、1.35 cm~2/cm~2增大到施氮210 kg/hm~2条件下的4.57、3.82 cm~2/cm~2,继续施氮,增加效果不显著)。灌水通过延长株高生长时间来增大株高。施氮通过缩短株高进入快速生长期的时间和延长株高生长时间来增大株高,最大株高由不施氮下的58 cm提高到施氮105 kg/hm~2条件下的65 cm,继续施氮对株高增加不显著。年份对株高的生长影响显著。产量及产量构成与株高、LAI过程的逐步回归分析表明产量由平均LAI和最大株高共同决定,平均LAI主要决定了每平方米穗数,而最大株高主要决定了千粒质量,平均LAI对产量贡献更多。该研究为揭示水肥对作物生长过程和产量形成提供理论依据,为合理调控作物群体结构提供技术支撑。
Leaf area and plant height are 2 important characteristic parameters of canopy structure, which represent the crop vertical extension and horizontal expansion respectively and are closely related to dry matter accumulation and yield formation by influencing the interception and distribution of photosynthetic active radiation. The dynamic process of crop LAI(leaf area index) and height could be influenced by many factors, of which water and nitrogen are the two major ones limiting crop growth and development. Some researchers have analyzed the dynamic process of LAI quantitatively under high yielding conditions, however the dynamic characteristics of LAI under water and nitrogen stress are still not clear. The effect of different cultivars, cultivation practices on the plant height at maturity were studied by most former research, while less information was found about how the management practices influence the dynamic process of plant height. Therefore, this study was aimed to clarify the effects of water and nitrogen on wheat LAIand plant dynamics and to quantify the relationship of LAI and plant height with crop yield. A field experiment during 2012-2014 was conducted with 3 irrigation levels and 4 nitrogen input levels in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province, and LAIs and plant heights measured were fitted with thermal time using the modified Logistic model and Richards mathematical model, respectively. The results demonstrated that the performances of both models were pretty good with an n RMSE(normalized root mean squared error) of 8% for LAI and an n RMSE of 4% for plant height, respectively. Irrigation enhanced the maximum growth rate of LAI, which increased from 0.004 cm~2/(cm~2·℃·d) under rainfed condition to 0.006 cm~2/(cm~2· ·d℃) under irrigation condition in over-wintering and jointing period. The corresponding maximum LAI and average LAI increased from 3.50 and 2.64 cm~2/cm~2 to 4.11 and 3.15 cm~2/cm~2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer application shortened the thermal time from sowing to the maximum growth rate and maximum value of LAI occurring, and improved the maximum growth rate of LAI. Hence, the maximum LAI and average LAI increased from 1.87 and 1.35 cm~2/cm~2 with no nitrogen input to 4.57 and 3.82 cm~2/cm~2 with 210 kg/hm~2 input, respectively, and no further significant increase was observed with more nitrogen input. Irrigation enhanced the maximum plant height from 62 to 66 cm, which was resulted from the longer thermal time from sowing to the maximum plant height occurring under the irrigation condition. The thermal time from sowing to the rapid growth stage and to the maximum plant height occurring was shortened and extended by nitrogen fertilizer application, respectively,which brought about a plant height increasing from 58 to 65 cm with 105 kg/hm~2 input, and then plant height was leveled off with more nitrogen input. Due to more rainfall in the early growth stage, the plant height in 2014 was about 10 cm higher than that in 2013. The stepwise regression analysis of dynamic characteristics of wheat yield with LAI and plant height showed that grain numbers per square meter was only related with average LAI, while 1 000-grain weight depended largely on the maximum plant height. Furthermore, the final yield was determined by both average LAI and the maximum plant height with a larger contribution from average LAI. This research revealed the mechanism that how irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application affected the plant leaf area and height growth, and then further impacted on yield. The result provides a set of technical support for reasonable regulation of crop community structure.
Leaf area and plant height are 2 important characteristic parameters of canopy structure, which represent the crop vertical extension and horizontal expansion respectively and are closely related to dry matter accumulation and yield formation by influencing the interception and distribution of photosynthetic active radiation. The dynamic process of crop LAI(leaf area index) and height could be influenced by many factors, of which water and nitrogen are the two major ones limiting crop growth and development. Some researchers have analyzed the dynamic process of LAI quantitatively under high yielding conditions, however the dynamic characteristics of LAI under water and nitrogen stress are still not clear. The effect of different cultivars, cultivation practices on the plant height at maturity were studied by most former research, while less information was found about how the management practices influence the dynamic process of plant height. Therefore, this study was aimed to clarify the effects of water and nitrogen on wheat LAIand plant dynamics and to quantify the relationship of LAI and plant height with crop yield. A field experiment during 2012-2014 was conducted with 3 irrigation levels and 4 nitrogen input levels in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi Province, and LAIs and plant heights measured were fitted with thermal time using the modified Logistic model and Richards mathematical model, respectively. The results demonstrated that the performances of both models were pretty good with an n RMSE(normalized root mean squared error) of 8% for LAI and an n RMSE of 4% for plant height, respectively. Irrigation enhanced the maximum growth rate of LAI, which increased from 0.004 cm~2/(cm~2·℃·d) under rainfed condition to 0.006 cm~2/(cm~2· ·d℃) under irrigation condition in over-wintering and jointing period. The corresponding maximum LAI and average LAI increased from 3.50 and 2.64 cm~2/cm~2 to 4.11 and 3.15 cm~2/cm~2, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer application shortened the thermal time from sowing to the maximum growth rate and maximum value of LAI occurring, and improved the maximum growth rate of LAI. Hence, the maximum LAI and average LAI increased from 1.87 and 1.35 cm~2/cm~2 with no nitrogen input to 4.57 and 3.82 cm~2/cm~2 with 210 kg/hm~2 input, respectively, and no further significant increase was observed with more nitrogen input. Irrigation enhanced the maximum plant height from 62 to 66 cm, which was resulted from the longer thermal time from sowing to the maximum plant height occurring under the irrigation condition. The thermal time from sowing to the rapid growth stage and to the maximum plant height occurring was shortened and extended by nitrogen fertilizer application, respectively,which brought about a plant height increasing from 58 to 65 cm with 105 kg/hm~2 input, and then plant height was leveled off with more nitrogen input. Due to more rainfall in the early growth stage, the plant height in 2014 was about 10 cm higher than that in 2013. The stepwise regression analysis of dynamic characteristics of wheat yield with LAI and plant height showed that grain numbers per square meter was only related with average LAI, while 1 000-grain weight depended largely on the maximum plant height. Furthermore, the final yield was determined by both average LAI and the maximum plant height with a larger contribution from average LAI. This research revealed the mechanism that how irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application affected the plant leaf area and height growth, and then further impacted on yield. The result provides a set of technical support for reasonable regulation of crop community structure.
引文
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[3]吴立峰,张富仓,王海东,等.新疆棉花亏缺灌溉叶面积指数模拟研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(1):249-258.Wu Lifeng,Zhang Fucang,Wang Haidong,et al.Simulation of cotton leaf area index under dificit irrigation in Xinjiang[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(1):249-258.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Setiyono T D,Weiss A,Specht J E,et al.Leaf area index simulation in soybean grown under near-optimal conditions[J].Field Crops Research,2008,108(1):82-92.
[5]Hammer G L,Carberrya P S,Muchowb R C.Modelling genotypic and environmental control of leaf area dynamics in grain sorghum.I.Whole plant level[J].Field Crops Research,1993(33):293-310.
[6]王信理.在作物干物质积累的动态模拟中如何合理运用Logistic方程[J].农业气象,1986,7(1):14-19.Wang Xinli.How to use logistic equation in dynamic simulation of dry matter production[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1986,7(1):14-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]于强,傅抱璞,姚克敏.水稻叶面积指数的普适增长模型[J].中国农业气象,1995,16(2):6-8.Yu Qiang,Fu Baopu,Yao Kemin.The genetic growth model of leaf area index of rice[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,1995,16(2):6-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]张宾,赵明,董志强,等.作物高产群体LAI动态模拟模型的建立与检验[J].作物学报,2007,33(4):612-619.Zhang Bin,Zhao Ming,Dong Zhiqiang,et al.Establishment and test of LAI dynamic simulation model for high yield population[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2007,33(4):612-619.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]李国强.小麦株型建成及氮素调控研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2011.Li Guoqiang.Plant Type Characteristics in Wheat and Its Nitrogen Regulation Approach[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2011.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Richards F.A flexible growth function for empirical use[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1959,10(2):290-301.
[11]宋明丹,李正鹏,冯浩.不同水氮水平冬小麦干物质积累特征及产量效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(2):119-126.Song Mingdan,Li Zhengpeng,Feng Hao.Effects of irrigation and nitrogen regimes on dry matter dynamic accumulation and yield of winter wheat[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(2):119-120.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Sepaskhah A R,Fahandezh-Saadi S,Zand-Parsa S.Logistic model application for prediction of maize yield under water and nitrogen management[J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,99(1):51-57.
[13]赵姣,郑志芳,方艳茹,等.基于动态模拟模型分析冬小麦干物质积累特征对产量的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(2):300-308.Zhao Jiao,Zheng Zhifang,Fang Yanru,et al.Effect of dry matter accumulation characteristics on yield of winter wheat analyzed by dynamic simulation model[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(2):300-308.(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]Yan D C,Zhu Y,Wang S H,et al.A quantitative knowledge-based model for designing suitable growth dynamics in rice[J].Plant Production Science,2006,9(2):93-105.
[15]毛振强,宇振荣,刘洪.冬小麦及其叶片发育积温需求研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2002,7(5):14-19.Mao Zhenqiang,Yu Zhenrong,Liu Hong.Experimental research on thermal requirement for winter wheat and its leaves[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2002,7(5):14-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Bannayan M,Hoogenboom G.Using pattern recognition for estimating cultivar coefficients of a crop simulation model[J].Field Crops Research,2009,111(3):290-302.
[17]Keuls M,Garretsen F.Statistical analysis of growth curves in plant breeding[J].Euphytica,1982,31(1):51-64.
[18]Zhao D,Shen J,Lang K,et al.Effects of irrigation and wide-precision planting on water use,radiation interception,and grain yield of winter wheat in the North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,118(2):87-92.
[19]Jiang J,Huo Z,Feng S,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation with saline water on spring wheat growth and yield in arid Northwest China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2013,5(2):143-154.
[20]Bouthiba A,Debaeke P,Hamoudi S A.Varietal differences in the response of durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L.var.durum)to irrigation strategies in a semi-arid region of Algeria[J].Irrigation Science,2008,26(3):239-251.
[21]郭增江,于振文,石玉,等.不同土层测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2014(4):731-738.Guo Zengjiang,Yu Zhenwen,Shi Yu,et al.Photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and dry matter accumulation and allocation in winter wheat under supplemental irrigation after measuring moisture content in different soil layers[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014(4):731-738.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,等.灌溉对冬小麦灌浆期光合产物供应和转化及有关酶活性的影响[J].作物学报,2004(11):1113-1118.Fang Quanxiao,Chen Yuhai,Li Quanqi,et al.Effects of irrigation on photosynthate supply and conversion and related enzymes activity during grain filling period[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2004(11):1113-1118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]吴立峰.不同灌水和施氮对河西地区春小麦生长和水分利用的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.Wu Lifeng.Effects of Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Growth and Water Utilization of Spring Wheat in Hexi Oasis[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2011.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王翔翔.渭北旱塬作物生长特征及其管理模式研究[D].杨凌:中国科学院研究生院,2015.Wang Xiangxiang.Study of Crop Growth Characteristics and Management Mode of Weibei Dryland on the Loess Plateau[D].Yangling:The Univeristiy of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]孔东,晏云,段艳,等.不同水氮处理对冬小麦生长及产量影响的田间试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):36-40.Kong Dong,Yan Yun,Duan Yan,et al.Field experiment study on growth and yields of winter wheat under different water and nitrogen treatments[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(12):36-40.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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