吴澄的辩证诗学观
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摘要
作为兼宗朱、陆的元代重要经学家,吴澄的文学观念极具特色。吴澄极为推崇《诗经》,对风、雅、颂提出了新的见解,并对六义进行了重新定义;他认为《诗序》非《诗经》本意,故而有着较为明显的反《诗序》倾向;他认可那些合乎儒教抒发"性情"的诗歌,但又提出了"重我"的诗学理念;对"游"这一范畴他予以辩证性思考,在赞赏古圣贤有关"游"的行为的同时,却又反对时人的尚"游"观念;他重视文学创作,但出于尚"实"的理念而反对虚言,视诗文为"小技",认为王安石之诗文远胜于欧苏。吴澄的诗学理论受到了理学思想的浸染,呈现出对立统一的面相,在元代的诗论中很有特色。
Wu Cheng was an important Confucian philosophers in the Yuan Dynasty,who supported the concepts of Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan,and whose literary concept was very distinctive. He highly praised The Book of Songs and proposed new insights on "Feng,Ya,and Song"and redefined the"Liu Yi". He believed that "Shi Xu"was not the original meaning of The Book of Songs. He recognized those poems that conformed to Confucianist"feelings"and proposed a poetic theory of"emphasis on self". He gave a dialectical consideration to the category of"You"and praised ancient sages for their"tourism"behavior. At the same time,he opposed the people's notion of"You". He concerned about literary creation. However,out of pursuing realistic thinking,he regarded poetry as"small skill". He believed that in terms of writing,Wang Anshi was better than Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. Wu Cheng's poetic theory showed the characteristics of opposition and unity,which was characteristic of poetic theory in the Yuan Dynasty.
Wu Cheng was an important Confucian philosophers in the Yuan Dynasty,who supported the concepts of Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan,and whose literary concept was very distinctive. He highly praised The Book of Songs and proposed new insights on "Feng,Ya,and Song"and redefined the"Liu Yi". He believed that "Shi Xu"was not the original meaning of The Book of Songs. He recognized those poems that conformed to Confucianist"feelings"and proposed a poetic theory of"emphasis on self". He gave a dialectical consideration to the category of"You"and praised ancient sages for their"tourism"behavior. At the same time,he opposed the people's notion of"You". He concerned about literary creation. However,out of pursuing realistic thinking,he regarded poetry as"small skill". He believed that in terms of writing,Wang Anshi was better than Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi. Wu Cheng's poetic theory showed the characteristics of opposition and unity,which was characteristic of poetic theory in the Yuan Dynasty.
引文
[1]李修生.全元文[M].江苏:凤凰出版社,2004.
[2]纪昀等.钦定四库全书总目:卷一六六[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[3]吴澄.吴文正集,文渊阁四库全书本,1197册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1987.
[4]郑玄笺,孔颖达疏.毛诗正义(标点本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[5]黎靖德编,王星贤校点.朱子语类:卷八十[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[6]胡青.吴澄教育思想研究[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,2003.
[7]查洪德.理学背景下的元代文论与诗文[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[8]黄宗羲,全祖望.宋元学案:卷九二[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[9]张旭光.萨都剌生平仕履考辨[A].朱东润等.中华文史论丛[C].上海:上海古籍出版社,1979.
[10]查洪德.元代诗学通论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[11]苏辙著,陈宏天,高秀芳点校.苏辙集[M].北京:中华书局,1990.
[12]李春青.宋学与宋代文学观念[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[13]张健编著.元代诗法校考[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[14]宋濂等.元史[M].北京:中华书局,1976.
[15]程颢,程颐.二程遗书:卷一八[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1992.
[16]钱基博.韩愈志[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2012.
(1)王素美《吴澄的理学思想与文学》(人民出版社2005年版)对吴澄理学与文学的契合部分作了宏观的分析。王素美《传统诗教与非传统诗教之间---论吴澄诗歌理论的特点及其影响》(《陕西师范大学学报》1995年第2期)认为吴澄的文论尚风不尚雅,重视歌谣,并认为吴澄关于创作心理因素的研究颇近明代的“性灵”说。其余单篇论文如潘殊闲《吴澄李杜比较观述评》(《安徽大学学报》2012年第1期),高妍《吴澄书信价值论》(《兰台世界》2016年第16期)等也涉及吴澄的部分文论思想。吴澄的文论尚有较大的研究空间。
[2]纪昀等.钦定四库全书总目:卷一六六[M].北京:中华书局,1997.
[3]吴澄.吴文正集,文渊阁四库全书本,1197册[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1987.
[4]郑玄笺,孔颖达疏.毛诗正义(标点本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1999.
[5]黎靖德编,王星贤校点.朱子语类:卷八十[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[6]胡青.吴澄教育思想研究[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,2003.
[7]查洪德.理学背景下的元代文论与诗文[M].北京:中华书局,2005.
[8]黄宗羲,全祖望.宋元学案:卷九二[M].北京:中华书局,1986.
[9]张旭光.萨都剌生平仕履考辨[A].朱东润等.中华文史论丛[C].上海:上海古籍出版社,1979.
[10]查洪德.元代诗学通论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2014.
[11]苏辙著,陈宏天,高秀芳点校.苏辙集[M].北京:中华书局,1990.
[12]李春青.宋学与宋代文学观念[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[13]张健编著.元代诗法校考[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[14]宋濂等.元史[M].北京:中华书局,1976.
[15]程颢,程颐.二程遗书:卷一八[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,1992.
[16]钱基博.韩愈志[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2012.
(1)王素美《吴澄的理学思想与文学》(人民出版社2005年版)对吴澄理学与文学的契合部分作了宏观的分析。王素美《传统诗教与非传统诗教之间---论吴澄诗歌理论的特点及其影响》(《陕西师范大学学报》1995年第2期)认为吴澄的文论尚风不尚雅,重视歌谣,并认为吴澄关于创作心理因素的研究颇近明代的“性灵”说。其余单篇论文如潘殊闲《吴澄李杜比较观述评》(《安徽大学学报》2012年第1期),高妍《吴澄书信价值论》(《兰台世界》2016年第16期)等也涉及吴澄的部分文论思想。吴澄的文论尚有较大的研究空间。