长江镇江段苯酚污染事件残留物健康风险评估研究
|
摘要
目的针对突发苯酚水污染事件的残留污染问题,评估慢性苯酚暴露的人群健康风险。方法通过布点采样检测评估发现苯酚的残留污染;在资料完备性审查的基础上,采用健康风险评价四步法,即危害鉴定、剂量反应关系评定、暴露评价和风险表征,针对苯酚的残留汚染评估其慢性健康风险。结果镇江突发水污染事件与苯酚泄露有关,自2012年发生至今,长江镇江段底泥和水体中应残留少量的酚类汚染。危害识别发现慢性苯酚暴露的关键危害效应终点为苯酚经口摄入暴露导致怀孕母亲体重增加减缓,对应的非致癌危害效应参考剂量值为0.3 mg/(kg·d)。终生暴露情景下,依据苯酚含量算术均值估算苯酚经口饮水途径的日均外暴露量为6×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d),突发事件的外暴露增量为3×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d);依据苯酚含量最大值估算苯酚经口饮水途径的日均外暴露量为2.4×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d),突发事件的外暴露增量为2.1×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d);日均外暴露量和暴露增量均小于苯酚经口摄入暴露途径导致怀孕母亲体重增加减缓所对应的参考剂量值。依据苯酚含量算术均值估算的健康危害指数为2×10~(-4),健康危害指数增量为1×10~(-4);依据苯酚含量最大值估算的健康危害指数为8×10~(-4),健康危害指数增量为7×10~(-4);慢性苯酚暴露的非致癌健康风险及突发事件带来的健康风险增量均处于可接受水平。结论苯酚残留污染可以通过经口饮水途径进入人体,但是,慢性苯酚暴露的非致癌健康风险及突发事件带来的健康风险增量均很低。本研究方法对类似水污染突发事件残留污染的健康风险评估具有借鉴意义。
Objectives To assess the health risk of chronic phenol exposure to the residual pollution of sudden phenol water pollution incidents. Methods Phenol residue pollution was detected by dot sampling, detection and evaluation. On the basis of data completeness review, four steps of health risk assessment were adopted, namely hazard identification, dose-response relationship assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chronic health risk was assessed for phenol residue sequestration. Results Since the outbreak of water pollution in Zhenjiang occurred in 2012, a small amount of phenolic remained in the sediment and water in Zhenjiang section of the Yangtze River. Hazard identification found that the key end point of the hazard effect of chronic phenol exposure was that the oral exposure of phenol resulted a slowdown in the weight gain of pregnant mothers, and the corresponding reference dose of non-carcinogenic hazard effect was 0.3 mg/(kg·d). In lifetime exposure scenarios, the average daily external exposure of phenol to drinking water via mouth was estimated to be 6×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d) and the increment of emergency exposure was 3×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d) based on the arithmetic mean of phenol content. The average daily external exposure of phenol to drinking water via mouth was estimated to be 2.4×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d) and the increment of emergency exposure was 2.1×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d) based on the maximum of phenol content. Average daily exposure and increment of exposure were less than the reference doses of phenol through oral exposure, which result ed in weight gain slowdown of pregnant mothers. According to the arithmetic mean of phenol content, the health hazard index was 2×10~(-4) and the increment of health hazard index was 1×10~(-4); the estimated health hazard index based on the maximum phenol content was 8×10~(-4) and the increment of health hazard index was 7×10~(-4). The non-carcinogenic health risk of chronic phenol exposure and the increment of health risk caused by emergencies were acceptable. Conclusions Phenol residue pollution can enter human body through drinking water. However, the non-carcinogenic health risks and the incremental health risks caused by emergencies of chronic phenol exposure are very low. This research method can be used as a reference for health risk assessment of residual pollution in similar water pollution emergencies.
Objectives To assess the health risk of chronic phenol exposure to the residual pollution of sudden phenol water pollution incidents. Methods Phenol residue pollution was detected by dot sampling, detection and evaluation. On the basis of data completeness review, four steps of health risk assessment were adopted, namely hazard identification, dose-response relationship assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. Chronic health risk was assessed for phenol residue sequestration. Results Since the outbreak of water pollution in Zhenjiang occurred in 2012, a small amount of phenolic remained in the sediment and water in Zhenjiang section of the Yangtze River. Hazard identification found that the key end point of the hazard effect of chronic phenol exposure was that the oral exposure of phenol resulted a slowdown in the weight gain of pregnant mothers, and the corresponding reference dose of non-carcinogenic hazard effect was 0.3 mg/(kg·d). In lifetime exposure scenarios, the average daily external exposure of phenol to drinking water via mouth was estimated to be 6×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d) and the increment of emergency exposure was 3×10~(-5) mg/(kg·d) based on the arithmetic mean of phenol content. The average daily external exposure of phenol to drinking water via mouth was estimated to be 2.4×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d) and the increment of emergency exposure was 2.1×10~(-4) mg/(kg·d) based on the maximum of phenol content. Average daily exposure and increment of exposure were less than the reference doses of phenol through oral exposure, which result ed in weight gain slowdown of pregnant mothers. According to the arithmetic mean of phenol content, the health hazard index was 2×10~(-4) and the increment of health hazard index was 1×10~(-4); the estimated health hazard index based on the maximum phenol content was 8×10~(-4) and the increment of health hazard index was 7×10~(-4). The non-carcinogenic health risk of chronic phenol exposure and the increment of health risk caused by emergencies were acceptable. Conclusions Phenol residue pollution can enter human body through drinking water. However, the non-carcinogenic health risks and the incremental health risks caused by emergencies of chronic phenol exposure are very low. This research method can be used as a reference for health risk assessment of residual pollution in similar water pollution emergencies.
引文
[1] 梁嘉琳,姜韩.“十二·五”将推近岸海域污染防治规划[EB/OL].经济参考报.(2012-11-05)[2019-01-04].https://www.antpedia.com/news/70/n-257370.html.
[2] 赵艳民,秦延文,郑丙辉,等.突发性水污染事故应急健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1328-1335.(In English:Zhao YM,Qin YW,Zheng BH,et al.Emergency health risk assessment of water pollution accident[J].China Environ Sci,2014,34(5):1328-1335.)
[3] 吉立,刘晶,等.2001—2005年我国水污染事件及原因分析[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).[2019-01-04].http://www.h2o-china.com/.
[4] 韩晓刚,黄廷林.我国突发性水污染事件统计分析[J].水资源保护,2010,26(1):84-86,90.(In English:Han XG,Huang TL.Statistical analysis of sudden water pollution accidents[J].Water Resour Prot,2010,26(1):84-86,90.)
[5] 高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):47-50.(In English:Gao JJ,Zhang LP,Huang SB,et al.Preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking waters in Beijing[J].Environ Sci,2004,25(2):47-50.)
[6] 耿福明,薛联青,陆桂华,等.饮用水源水质健康危害的风险度评价[J].水利学报,2006,37(10):1242-1245.(In English:Geng FM,Xue LQ,Lu GH,et al.Water quality health-hazard risk assessment on drinking water supply sources[J].J Hydraul Eng,2006,37(10):1242-1245.)
[7] 张映映,冯流,刘征涛.长江口区域水体半挥发性有机污染物健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(1):18-23.(In English:Zhang YY,Feng L,Liu ZT.Health risk assessment on semivolatile organic compounds in Water of Yangtze estuary area[J].Res Environ Sci,2007,20(1):18-23.)
[8] 段小丽,王宗爽,王菲菲,等.突发性水污染事故中的健康风险评价-以松花江水污染事故为例[C]//中国毒理学会环境与生态毒理学专业委员会成立大会论文集.北京:中国毒理学会,中国环境科学研究院,2010:265-272.
[9] 蒋兆峰,姜方平,丁震,等.一起水源苯酚污染引起饮用水异味事件的调查[J].环境与职业医学,2012,29(11):707-709.(In English:Jiang ZF,Jiang FP,Ding Z,et al.An investigation on odor in drinking water by source water pollution with phenol[J].J Environ Occup Med,2012,29(11):707-709.)
[10] 中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 5749-2006 生活饮用水卫生标准活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.(In English:Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China,China National Standardization Management Committee.GB 5749-2006 Standards for drinking water quality [S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007.)
[11] 钱岩,王先良,郭辰,等.区域环境健康问题调查的实施机制[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1256-1260.(In English:Qian Yan,Wang XL,Guo C,et al.The implementation mechanisms of the regional environmental health investigation[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1256-1260.)
[12] 郭辰,王先良,吕占禄,等.环境健康传导链—认识区域环境健康问题的关键[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1261-1265.(In English:Guo C,Wang XL,Lü ZL,et al.Environmental health chain is the key for investigation and exploration of regional environmental health problems[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1261-1265.)
[13] 吕占禄,王先良,郭辰,等.科学识别环境健康传导链的六大特征[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1266-1270.(In English:Lü ZL,Wang XL,Guo C,et al.How to recognize the main six features of environmental health chain[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1266-1270.)
[14] 国家环境保护总局.HJ/T 91-2002地表水和污水监测技术规范[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.( In English:National Environmental Protection Agency.HJ/T 91-2002 Technical Specifications Requirements for Monitoring of Surface Water and Waste Water[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.)
[15] 中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 5750-2006 生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.(In English:Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China,China National Standardization Management Committee.GB/T 5750-2006 Standard examination methods for drinking water-General principles[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2007.)
[16] 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838-2002 地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.(In English:State Environmental Protection Administration,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2002.)
[17] 仇付国.城市污水再生利用健康风险评价理论与方法研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2004:22-28.(In English:Qiu FG.A study on the theory and method of health risk assessment for wastewater reclamation and reuse[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architectural Science and Technology,2004:22-28.)
[18] Bos PMJ,Baars BJ,Van Raaij MTM.Risk assessment of peak exposure to genotoxic carcinogens:a pragmatic approach[J].Toxicol Lett,151(1):43-50.
[19] USEPA.Reference dose (RfD):Description and use in health risk assessments[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/iris/rfd.html.
[20] Donohue JM,Lipscomb JC.Health advisory values for drinking water contaminants and the methodology for determining acute exposure values[J].Sci Total Environ,2002,288(1-2):43-49.
[21] 钱岩,吕占禄,郭辰,等.黑龙江省某市矿泉水水质的健康风险评价[J].环境与可持续发展,2015,40(2):63-66.(In English:Qian Y,Lv ZL,Guo C,et al.Health risk assessment on quality of the mineral Spring in a city of Heilongjiang PROVINCE[J].Environ Sustain Dev,2015,40(2):63-66.)
[22] IR\\BW:中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)中天津城乡均值.[22]USEPA.Risk Characterization[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_risk.html.
[23] USEPA.Risk Characterization[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_risk.html.
[24] 王永杰,贾东红,孟庆宝,等.健康风险评价中的不确定性分析[J].环境工程,2003,21(6):66-69.(In English:Wang YJ,Jia DH,Meng QB,et al.Uncertainty analysis of health risk assessment[J].Environ Eng,2003,21(6):66-69.)
[25] USEPA.Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) [EB/OL].(2002-9-1).[2019-1-4].https://www.epa.gov/iris.
[26] 国家环境保护总局.HJ 332-2006食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.(In English:National Environmental Protection Agency.HJ 332-2006 Farland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006)
[2] 赵艳民,秦延文,郑丙辉,等.突发性水污染事故应急健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(5):1328-1335.(In English:Zhao YM,Qin YW,Zheng BH,et al.Emergency health risk assessment of water pollution accident[J].China Environ Sci,2014,34(5):1328-1335.)
[3] 吉立,刘晶,等.2001—2005年我国水污染事件及原因分析[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).[2019-01-04].http://www.h2o-china.com/.
[4] 韩晓刚,黄廷林.我国突发性水污染事件统计分析[J].水资源保护,2010,26(1):84-86,90.(In English:Han XG,Huang TL.Statistical analysis of sudden water pollution accidents[J].Water Resour Prot,2010,26(1):84-86,90.)
[5] 高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价[J].环境科学,2004,25(2):47-50.(In English:Gao JJ,Zhang LP,Huang SB,et al.Preliminary health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking waters in Beijing[J].Environ Sci,2004,25(2):47-50.)
[6] 耿福明,薛联青,陆桂华,等.饮用水源水质健康危害的风险度评价[J].水利学报,2006,37(10):1242-1245.(In English:Geng FM,Xue LQ,Lu GH,et al.Water quality health-hazard risk assessment on drinking water supply sources[J].J Hydraul Eng,2006,37(10):1242-1245.)
[7] 张映映,冯流,刘征涛.长江口区域水体半挥发性有机污染物健康风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(1):18-23.(In English:Zhang YY,Feng L,Liu ZT.Health risk assessment on semivolatile organic compounds in Water of Yangtze estuary area[J].Res Environ Sci,2007,20(1):18-23.)
[8] 段小丽,王宗爽,王菲菲,等.突发性水污染事故中的健康风险评价-以松花江水污染事故为例[C]//中国毒理学会环境与生态毒理学专业委员会成立大会论文集.北京:中国毒理学会,中国环境科学研究院,2010:265-272.
[9] 蒋兆峰,姜方平,丁震,等.一起水源苯酚污染引起饮用水异味事件的调查[J].环境与职业医学,2012,29(11):707-709.(In English:Jiang ZF,Jiang FP,Ding Z,et al.An investigation on odor in drinking water by source water pollution with phenol[J].J Environ Occup Med,2012,29(11):707-709.)
[10] 中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB 5749-2006 生活饮用水卫生标准活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.(In English:Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China,China National Standardization Management Committee.GB 5749-2006 Standards for drinking water quality [S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007.)
[11] 钱岩,王先良,郭辰,等.区域环境健康问题调查的实施机制[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1256-1260.(In English:Qian Yan,Wang XL,Guo C,et al.The implementation mechanisms of the regional environmental health investigation[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1256-1260.)
[12] 郭辰,王先良,吕占禄,等.环境健康传导链—认识区域环境健康问题的关键[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1261-1265.(In English:Guo C,Wang XL,Lü ZL,et al.Environmental health chain is the key for investigation and exploration of regional environmental health problems[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1261-1265.)
[13] 吕占禄,王先良,郭辰,等.科学识别环境健康传导链的六大特征[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(4):1266-1270.(In English:Lü ZL,Wang XL,Guo C,et al.How to recognize the main six features of environmental health chain[J].China Environ Sci,2015,35(4):1266-1270.)
[14] 国家环境保护总局.HJ/T 91-2002地表水和污水监测技术规范[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.( In English:National Environmental Protection Agency.HJ/T 91-2002 Technical Specifications Requirements for Monitoring of Surface Water and Waste Water[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.)
[15] 中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 5750-2006 生活饮用水标准检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.(In English:Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China,China National Standardization Management Committee.GB/T 5750-2006 Standard examination methods for drinking water-General principles[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2007.)
[16] 国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838-2002 地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.(In English:State Environmental Protection Administration,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2002.)
[17] 仇付国.城市污水再生利用健康风险评价理论与方法研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2004:22-28.(In English:Qiu FG.A study on the theory and method of health risk assessment for wastewater reclamation and reuse[D].Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architectural Science and Technology,2004:22-28.)
[18] Bos PMJ,Baars BJ,Van Raaij MTM.Risk assessment of peak exposure to genotoxic carcinogens:a pragmatic approach[J].Toxicol Lett,151(1):43-50.
[19] USEPA.Reference dose (RfD):Description and use in health risk assessments[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/iris/rfd.html.
[20] Donohue JM,Lipscomb JC.Health advisory values for drinking water contaminants and the methodology for determining acute exposure values[J].Sci Total Environ,2002,288(1-2):43-49.
[21] 钱岩,吕占禄,郭辰,等.黑龙江省某市矿泉水水质的健康风险评价[J].环境与可持续发展,2015,40(2):63-66.(In English:Qian Y,Lv ZL,Guo C,et al.Health risk assessment on quality of the mineral Spring in a city of Heilongjiang PROVINCE[J].Environ Sustain Dev,2015,40(2):63-66.)
[22] IR\\BW:中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)中天津城乡均值.[22]USEPA.Risk Characterization[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_risk.html.
[23] USEPA.Risk Characterization[EB/OL].(1993-03-15).[2019-01-04].http://www.epa.gov/region8/r8risk/hh_risk.html.
[24] 王永杰,贾东红,孟庆宝,等.健康风险评价中的不确定性分析[J].环境工程,2003,21(6):66-69.(In English:Wang YJ,Jia DH,Meng QB,et al.Uncertainty analysis of health risk assessment[J].Environ Eng,2003,21(6):66-69.)
[25] USEPA.Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) [EB/OL].(2002-9-1).[2019-1-4].https://www.epa.gov/iris.
[26] 国家环境保护总局.HJ 332-2006食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2006.(In English:National Environmental Protection Agency.HJ 332-2006 Farland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2006)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |