美国体育治理的思想渊源、特征与启示
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摘要
在我国大力推进体育治理体系建设,提升治理能力现代化的背景下,研究美国体育治理的思想渊源与特征。认为:"三权分立与制衡原则"是美国体育分权治理的思想之源,《独立宣言》是体育制度治理理念创新的法理依据,欧洲启蒙运动的先进思想是体育民权治理的社会基础,市场经济规律和实用主义是推进体育治理的持续动力,业余主义与自由主义的精神传统是体育治理的文化基因。美国体育治理特征体现为:强调制度设计基础上的"法治治理",注重多元主体"协同共治",凸显以社会组织为中心的"分权治理",贯彻多元机制联动下的"民权自治"。对我国体育治理的启示:立足体育治理社会基础,构建本土治理理论框架,强化体育的"制度治理";重塑政府、市场、社会组织关系,打造多元主体协同联动的体育治理综合体;定期开展体育治理效果的社会化评估,提升体育治理能力的现代化水平。
Under the background of the promotion of sports governance system and modernization ability,the study tries to explore the thought origin and characteristics of sports governance.It holds that "separation of powers and checks and balances" is the origin of sports decentralized governance;The Declaration of Independence is the legal basis for the concept innovation of sports system governance;the enlightenment thought is the social foundation of sports rights governance;the law of market economy and pragmatism is the steady power to promote sports governance;and the amateurism and liberal spirit are the cultural genes of sports governance.American sports governance is characteristic of institution-based "legal governance","collaboration" of multiple subjects,social organizations-based "decentralized governance",and the "autonomy" with the linkage of pluralistic mechanism. The study offers the enlightenment as follows:building the social sports governance foundation and local theoretical framework,which is to strengthen the "system governance" of sport;reshaping the relationship between government,market,and social organizations for the purpose of building a plural sports governance complex with collaborative linkage of multiple subjects.And finally,social assessment should be carried out regularly to observe its governance effect,which will raise the level of modernization in sports governance.
Under the background of the promotion of sports governance system and modernization ability,the study tries to explore the thought origin and characteristics of sports governance.It holds that "separation of powers and checks and balances" is the origin of sports decentralized governance;The Declaration of Independence is the legal basis for the concept innovation of sports system governance;the enlightenment thought is the social foundation of sports rights governance;the law of market economy and pragmatism is the steady power to promote sports governance;and the amateurism and liberal spirit are the cultural genes of sports governance.American sports governance is characteristic of institution-based "legal governance","collaboration" of multiple subjects,social organizations-based "decentralized governance",and the "autonomy" with the linkage of pluralistic mechanism. The study offers the enlightenment as follows:building the social sports governance foundation and local theoretical framework,which is to strengthen the "system governance" of sport;reshaping the relationship between government,market,and social organizations for the purpose of building a plural sports governance complex with collaborative linkage of multiple subjects.And finally,social assessment should be carried out regularly to observe its governance effect,which will raise the level of modernization in sports governance.
引文
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[13] JAY C.Sport in society[M].New York:McGraw-hill Companies,2001:110
[14] 池建.竞技体育发展之路:走进美国[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2009:78-80
[15] LISA P M.Principles and practice of sport management[M].[s.l.]:Jones Bartlett Publishers,2011:15-17
[16] 彭国强,舒盛芳,经训成.回顾与思考:美国竞技体育成长因素及其特征[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2017,36(5):28-36
[17] FLOYD J,DANA D B.Examining leisure sport management programs in the United States[J].Sport Management Review,2008(11):77-91
[18] 李卫东,侍崇艳,殷鼎.美国学校体育的历史演变[J].体育学研究,2018,1(4):16-20
[19] GLAUCIO S.Impact of antitrust laws on American professional team sports[J].Sport Journal,2005(1):10-15
[20] ARI Z.The politics of physical education reform[D].Claremont:Claremont McKenna College,2012:26-32
[21] 张琴,易剑东.动力·运行·约束:体育治理机制探析[J].上海体育学院学报,2017,41(5):36-41
[22] 胡鞍钢.中国国家治理现代化[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:12-19
[23] 董红刚,易剑东.体育治理主体:域外经验与中国镜鉴[J].上海体育学院学报,2016,40(4):1-8
[24] 陈洪.国家体育治理体系和治理能力现代化探析[J].北京体育大学学报,2014,37(12):7-12
[25] 董红刚,易剑东.体育治理评价:英美比较与中国关注[J].武汉体育学院学报,2016,50(2):25-31
[2] MARY A H.Governance and policy in sport organizations[M].New York:Holcomb Hathaway Publishers,2013:14-18
[3] 董秀丽.美国政治基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:73-76
[4] 彭国强,舒盛芳.美国体育制度治理研究热点与展望[J].成都体育学院学报,2018,44(1):78-84
[5] 帕特森.美国政治文化[M].顾肃,吕建高,译.北京:东方出版社,2007:12-18
[6] VINCENT W.The book of great American documents[M].[s.l.]:Hill and Wang Press,2014:15
[7] 陈强.美国竞技体育持续走强的社会学分析[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2017,31(4):86-92
[8] BORNSTEIN.Development of a national physical activity plan for the United State[J].J Phys Activity Healthy,2014(3):463-469
[9] IAN B,TRISH B.Sport governance:International case studies[M].London:Routledge,2013:46
[10] GALLAT.Antitrust law and public alternatives for professional sports leagues[J].Labor Law J,2003(3):166-179
[11] 吴亮.NFL“超级碗”的成功及其对我国体育赛事发展的启示[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2017,31(3):104-107
[12] HOULIHAN,BARRIE.The government and politics of sport[M].London:Routledge,2014:131
[13] JAY C.Sport in society[M].New York:McGraw-hill Companies,2001:110
[14] 池建.竞技体育发展之路:走进美国[M].北京:人民体育出版社,2009:78-80
[15] LISA P M.Principles and practice of sport management[M].[s.l.]:Jones Bartlett Publishers,2011:15-17
[16] 彭国强,舒盛芳,经训成.回顾与思考:美国竞技体育成长因素及其特征[J].沈阳体育学院学报,2017,36(5):28-36
[17] FLOYD J,DANA D B.Examining leisure sport management programs in the United States[J].Sport Management Review,2008(11):77-91
[18] 李卫东,侍崇艳,殷鼎.美国学校体育的历史演变[J].体育学研究,2018,1(4):16-20
[19] GLAUCIO S.Impact of antitrust laws on American professional team sports[J].Sport Journal,2005(1):10-15
[20] ARI Z.The politics of physical education reform[D].Claremont:Claremont McKenna College,2012:26-32
[21] 张琴,易剑东.动力·运行·约束:体育治理机制探析[J].上海体育学院学报,2017,41(5):36-41
[22] 胡鞍钢.中国国家治理现代化[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:12-19
[23] 董红刚,易剑东.体育治理主体:域外经验与中国镜鉴[J].上海体育学院学报,2016,40(4):1-8
[24] 陈洪.国家体育治理体系和治理能力现代化探析[J].北京体育大学学报,2014,37(12):7-12
[25] 董红刚,易剑东.体育治理评价:英美比较与中国关注[J].武汉体育学院学报,2016,50(2):25-31