美国图书馆立法参考服务职能的形成与早期实践——以1901—1921年威斯康星立法参考图书馆为中心的考察
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摘要
美国图书馆的立法参考(或曰立法咨询)服务职能兴起于19世纪末工业化、城市化的社会转型期,以1901年威斯康星立法参考图书馆的建立为真正开端。1901至1921年间,威斯康星立法参考图书馆主要围绕馆藏建设、信息咨询、议案起草三个方面展开了早期实践,不仅推动了20世纪初威斯康星州进步主义改革,而且通过示范、推广"威斯康星经验"引领了一场席卷全美的"立法参考运动"。威斯康星立法参考图书馆的早期实践,是面对社会转型期的时代巨变对图书馆提出的新要求而做出的回应。它代表着一种新的图书馆服务理念,极大地丰富了立法参考服务的职能与范畴,为后世留下了宝贵的经验与精神财富。
The rise of legislative reference service of American libraries took place during a era of social transformation, characterized by industrialization and urbanization, while the establishment of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library in 1901 could be considered as its beginning. From 1901 to 1921, the early practice of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library focused on three aspects: collection construction, information reference, and bill drafting. The Legislative Reference Library not only contributed to the Wisconsin progressive reforms during the early 20 th century, but also launched a so-called "Legislative Reference Movement" led by "Wisconsin Experience" throughout the country. In response to the new role of libraries required by the new era of social transformation, the early practice of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library has reflected a new ideal of public service of the library, as well as extended the function and scope of legislative reference, with its valuable experience and cultural heritage for later generations.
The rise of legislative reference service of American libraries took place during a era of social transformation, characterized by industrialization and urbanization, while the establishment of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library in 1901 could be considered as its beginning. From 1901 to 1921, the early practice of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library focused on three aspects: collection construction, information reference, and bill drafting. The Legislative Reference Library not only contributed to the Wisconsin progressive reforms during the early 20 th century, but also launched a so-called "Legislative Reference Movement" led by "Wisconsin Experience" throughout the country. In response to the new role of libraries required by the new era of social transformation, the early practice of Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library has reflected a new ideal of public service of the library, as well as extended the function and scope of legislative reference, with its valuable experience and cultural heritage for later generations.
引文
1 卢海燕,李嘉.英国议会图书馆立法决策服务解析与思考[J].国家图书馆学刊,2011(1):12-17.
2 张曙光,陈颖艳.日本国立国会图书馆立法决策服务考察[J].国家图书馆学刊,2011(1):18-23.
3 田贺龙.美国国会图书馆的立法决策服务[J].国家图书馆学刊,2011(1):24-28.
4 Samuel Rothstein. The Growth of Reference Service and Special Librarianship and its Consequences for Legislatures[J]. Special Libraries. 1990,81(4): 309-316.
5 李剑鸣.大转折的年代: 美国进步主义运动研究[M].天津:天津教育出版社, 1992:24-41.
6 Ellen Richards. Food Materials and Their Adulterations[ M]. MA,Boston:Whitcomb & Barrow, 1906:255.
7 Mark Carnes, John Garraty. The American Nation: A History of the United States[M]. New York:Longman, 2005:551.
8 Charles Kendall Adams. The Present Obligations of the Scholar. A Barralaureate Address at the University of Wisconsin[Z].WI,Madison:Democrat Printing Company, 1897.
9 Sidney H. Asch. The Legislative Council Movement in the United States[J]. St. John's Law Review, 1956,31: 49-64.
10 William Herrin. Public duties of Educated Men: An Address delivered at Corvallis Oregon during the Quarter Centennial Jubilee Exercises of Oregon Agricultural College, June 24, 1910[EB/OL].[2018-07-01]. https://archive.org/details/publicdutiesofed00herr.
11 Marion Casey. Charles McCarthy's “Idea”: A Library to Change Government[J]. The Library Quarterly, 1974,44(1): 29-41.
12 Lester F. Ward. Dynamic Sociology or Applied Social Science: as Based upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Science[M]. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897: 37.
13 Charles McCarthy. Legislative Reference Department[C]//Paul Reinsch. Readings on American State Government. MA,Boston: Ginn & Co., 1911: 63-73.
14 Grant Segall, John D. Rockefeller: Anointed With Oil[M]. UK,Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001:91.
15 郑永田.美国公共图书馆思想研究(1731—1951)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
16 Paul D. Healey. Go and Tell the World: Charles R. McCarthy and the Evolution of the Legislative Reference Movement, 1901-1917[J]. Law Library Journal, 2007,99(1): 33-53.
17 Marion Casey. Charles McCarthy: Librarianship and Reform[M]. Chicago: American Librarian Association, 1983.
18 Charles McCarthy. Wisconsin Idea[M].New York: Macmillan Company,1912.
19 Russell Nye. Mid-western Progressive Politics[M].New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965:204.
20 Wisconsin Idea Guardians Here to Spread Plan[N]. The Philadelphia Inquiry, 1913-11-22.
21 James Smith. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite[M]. New York: The Free Press, 1993: 34.
22 Frederick Howe. Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy[M]. MT, Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 1912: 48.
23 Amendment to H.R.15279 Legislative, Executive and Judicial Fiscal Year 1915 Appropriation Act[EB/OL].[2019-01-20].https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/amendment-hr-15279-legislative-executi-ve-and-judicial-fiscal-year-1915.
24 Ida A. Brudnick. The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process[R]. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2008.
(1)根据2018年最新调查统计,中国大陆地区(不含港澳台)的31家省级图书馆开展立法决策服务比例为100%,90%以上的省级图书馆设有专门的参考咨询部或信息咨询部,少数图书馆将该职能交由读者服务中心、研究辅导部或业务办公室等其他部门承担。参见:胡晓梅,等. “互联网+”省级公共图书馆立法决策服务的新思考[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(5): 42-46. 。关于省级和副省级城市公共图书馆的立法决策服务情况,另可参见:(1)卢海燕.服务与超越:全国省级公共图书馆“两会”服务析评[J].国家图书馆学刊,2013(2):3-13. (2)陈凤娟.公共图书馆立法决策服务现状及平台构建研究——以省级公共图书馆为例[J].情报探索,2014(12):37-40. (3)陈凤娟,等.副省级及以上城市公共图书馆立法决策服务研究[J].现代情报,2012(9):33-40. (4)骆礼.省级公共图书馆立法决策服务的探索与创新——以四川省图书馆十年实践为例[J].四川图书馆学报,2018(6):6-9.。
(2)关于美国图书馆尤其是国会图书馆的立法参考服务,参见:(1)卢海燕.拓展业务发展空间强化立法决策服务职能——访问美国国会图书馆的启示与思考[J].国家图书馆学刊,2008(3):65-68.(2)田贺龙.美国国会图书馆的立法决策服务[J].国家图书馆学刊.2011(1): 24-28.(3)胡萍,蔡清万.美国图书馆参考咨询的起源与发展[J].图书馆,2004(4):30-33.(4)李金庆.美国图书馆立法参考工作的萌芽、发展及其影响[J].图书馆论坛,1993(1):72-74.。
(3)阿拉巴马、特拉华、伊利诺伊、印第安纳、马里兰、密歇根、俄亥俄、宾夕法尼亚、弗吉尼亚等属于第一种情况。威斯康星、加利福尼亚、科罗拉多、康涅狄格、堪萨斯、马萨诸塞、明尼苏达、密西西比、内布拉斯加、内华达、北卡罗来纳、俄勒冈、罗德岛、南达科塔、田纳西、弗吉尼亚、华盛顿等属第二种情况。参见:Sidney H. Asch. The Legislative Council Movement in the United States[J]. St. John's Law Review, 1956,31: 49-64.
2 张曙光,陈颖艳.日本国立国会图书馆立法决策服务考察[J].国家图书馆学刊,2011(1):18-23.
3 田贺龙.美国国会图书馆的立法决策服务[J].国家图书馆学刊,2011(1):24-28.
4 Samuel Rothstein. The Growth of Reference Service and Special Librarianship and its Consequences for Legislatures[J]. Special Libraries. 1990,81(4): 309-316.
5 李剑鸣.大转折的年代: 美国进步主义运动研究[M].天津:天津教育出版社, 1992:24-41.
6 Ellen Richards. Food Materials and Their Adulterations[ M]. MA,Boston:Whitcomb & Barrow, 1906:255.
7 Mark Carnes, John Garraty. The American Nation: A History of the United States[M]. New York:Longman, 2005:551.
8 Charles Kendall Adams. The Present Obligations of the Scholar. A Barralaureate Address at the University of Wisconsin[Z].WI,Madison:Democrat Printing Company, 1897.
9 Sidney H. Asch. The Legislative Council Movement in the United States[J]. St. John's Law Review, 1956,31: 49-64.
10 William Herrin. Public duties of Educated Men: An Address delivered at Corvallis Oregon during the Quarter Centennial Jubilee Exercises of Oregon Agricultural College, June 24, 1910[EB/OL].[2018-07-01]. https://archive.org/details/publicdutiesofed00herr.
11 Marion Casey. Charles McCarthy's “Idea”: A Library to Change Government[J]. The Library Quarterly, 1974,44(1): 29-41.
12 Lester F. Ward. Dynamic Sociology or Applied Social Science: as Based upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Science[M]. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897: 37.
13 Charles McCarthy. Legislative Reference Department[C]//Paul Reinsch. Readings on American State Government. MA,Boston: Ginn & Co., 1911: 63-73.
14 Grant Segall, John D. Rockefeller: Anointed With Oil[M]. UK,Oxford: Oxford University Press,2001:91.
15 郑永田.美国公共图书馆思想研究(1731—1951)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015.
16 Paul D. Healey. Go and Tell the World: Charles R. McCarthy and the Evolution of the Legislative Reference Movement, 1901-1917[J]. Law Library Journal, 2007,99(1): 33-53.
17 Marion Casey. Charles McCarthy: Librarianship and Reform[M]. Chicago: American Librarian Association, 1983.
18 Charles McCarthy. Wisconsin Idea[M].New York: Macmillan Company,1912.
19 Russell Nye. Mid-western Progressive Politics[M].New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965:204.
20 Wisconsin Idea Guardians Here to Spread Plan[N]. The Philadelphia Inquiry, 1913-11-22.
21 James Smith. The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite[M]. New York: The Free Press, 1993: 34.
22 Frederick Howe. Wisconsin: An Experiment in Democracy[M]. MT, Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 1912: 48.
23 Amendment to H.R.15279 Legislative, Executive and Judicial Fiscal Year 1915 Appropriation Act[EB/OL].[2019-01-20].https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/artifact/amendment-hr-15279-legislative-executi-ve-and-judicial-fiscal-year-1915.
24 Ida A. Brudnick. The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process[R]. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, 2008.
(1)根据2018年最新调查统计,中国大陆地区(不含港澳台)的31家省级图书馆开展立法决策服务比例为100%,90%以上的省级图书馆设有专门的参考咨询部或信息咨询部,少数图书馆将该职能交由读者服务中心、研究辅导部或业务办公室等其他部门承担。参见:胡晓梅,等. “互联网+”省级公共图书馆立法决策服务的新思考[J].新世纪图书馆, 2018(5): 42-46. 。关于省级和副省级城市公共图书馆的立法决策服务情况,另可参见:(1)卢海燕.服务与超越:全国省级公共图书馆“两会”服务析评[J].国家图书馆学刊,2013(2):3-13. (2)陈凤娟.公共图书馆立法决策服务现状及平台构建研究——以省级公共图书馆为例[J].情报探索,2014(12):37-40. (3)陈凤娟,等.副省级及以上城市公共图书馆立法决策服务研究[J].现代情报,2012(9):33-40. (4)骆礼.省级公共图书馆立法决策服务的探索与创新——以四川省图书馆十年实践为例[J].四川图书馆学报,2018(6):6-9.。
(2)关于美国图书馆尤其是国会图书馆的立法参考服务,参见:(1)卢海燕.拓展业务发展空间强化立法决策服务职能——访问美国国会图书馆的启示与思考[J].国家图书馆学刊,2008(3):65-68.(2)田贺龙.美国国会图书馆的立法决策服务[J].国家图书馆学刊.2011(1): 24-28.(3)胡萍,蔡清万.美国图书馆参考咨询的起源与发展[J].图书馆,2004(4):30-33.(4)李金庆.美国图书馆立法参考工作的萌芽、发展及其影响[J].图书馆论坛,1993(1):72-74.。
(3)阿拉巴马、特拉华、伊利诺伊、印第安纳、马里兰、密歇根、俄亥俄、宾夕法尼亚、弗吉尼亚等属于第一种情况。威斯康星、加利福尼亚、科罗拉多、康涅狄格、堪萨斯、马萨诸塞、明尼苏达、密西西比、内布拉斯加、内华达、北卡罗来纳、俄勒冈、罗德岛、南达科塔、田纳西、弗吉尼亚、华盛顿等属第二种情况。参见:Sidney H. Asch. The Legislative Council Movement in the United States[J]. St. John's Law Review, 1956,31: 49-64.
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