快速工业化背景下乡村性时空分异及其演化——以河南省巩义市为例
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摘要
构建了适用于村域尺度的乡村性评价指标体系,在ESDA空间探测架构下分析了2005-2015年巩义市村域尺度乡村性分异及演化的特征,并结合村庄发展模式,归纳出乡村性分异及演化的影响因素。结果表明,与宏观尺度的研究相比,微观尺度的研究可以发现区域内部乡村性的空间分异性。(1)研究区域整体乡村性呈减弱态势,但其内部村庄之间乡村性差异却在不断加强。(2)乡村性空间分布呈现较强的正空间自相关性,集聚态势总体不断增强,并且呈现出边缘强、中间弱的分布格局。(3)乡村性热点区和冷点区分布的集聚态势都在增强,冷点区形成了"点—轴"分布态势,并且沿轴向扩散趋势显著。(4)城市发展的带动、经济转型的影响、区位交通的影响、历史锁定效应以及经济能人的带动作用对乡村性时空分异及演化影响显著。
With the acceleration industrialization and urbanization, great changes have taken place in rural areas of China. Under this background, characterizing the spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rural development has become a key issue in rural geography research. Rurality is an important concept to describe the rural space and regional type. And rurality index can be used to determine the differences in the level of rural development. This paper developed a rurality index system to evaluate the rurality at a village scale in Gongyi city,a region that has experienced rapid industrialization. Moreover, with the help of Exploratory Spatial data Analysis(ESDA) method, we analyzed spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality in Gongyi city from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that, compared with the study of rurality of macro scale, the study of micro scale could reveal the difference of rurality more subtly within the region.(1) From the perspective of the time dimension, the rurality of village scale in Gongyi city declined since 2005, but the difference among the villages had become wider.(2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the distribution showed strong positive spatial autocorrelation. The villages with similar rurality tended to be agglomerated, and the trend of agglomeration continued to increase.(3) From the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution, the distribution for "cold spot" and "hot spot" region of village rurality tended to be strengthened in spatial agglomeration. The "hot spot" areas were mainly concentrated in the peripheral villages locked in the southwestern, northwestern and northeastern parts of the city. The distribution of"cold spot"areas exhibited a "Pole-Axis" spatial pattern, with the urban area as nuclear, the portal town in the west and east of the city as axis nodes and the national way as the diffusion axis.(4) From the perspective of driving factors, the influence of urban development, economic transition, location and transportation,historical lock-in effect, and the driving effect of economic elite in the village were the primary factors affecting rurality and its variation of space structure. Thus, we should promote further development of rural areas by accelerating new-type urbanization and industrialization,enhancing the traffic connection, extending historical lock-in effect, and cultivating the economic elite in the village.
With the acceleration industrialization and urbanization, great changes have taken place in rural areas of China. Under this background, characterizing the spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rural development has become a key issue in rural geography research. Rurality is an important concept to describe the rural space and regional type. And rurality index can be used to determine the differences in the level of rural development. This paper developed a rurality index system to evaluate the rurality at a village scale in Gongyi city,a region that has experienced rapid industrialization. Moreover, with the help of Exploratory Spatial data Analysis(ESDA) method, we analyzed spatio-temporal differentiation and evolution of rurality in Gongyi city from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that, compared with the study of rurality of macro scale, the study of micro scale could reveal the difference of rurality more subtly within the region.(1) From the perspective of the time dimension, the rurality of village scale in Gongyi city declined since 2005, but the difference among the villages had become wider.(2) From the perspective of spatial distribution, the distribution showed strong positive spatial autocorrelation. The villages with similar rurality tended to be agglomerated, and the trend of agglomeration continued to increase.(3) From the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution, the distribution for "cold spot" and "hot spot" region of village rurality tended to be strengthened in spatial agglomeration. The "hot spot" areas were mainly concentrated in the peripheral villages locked in the southwestern, northwestern and northeastern parts of the city. The distribution of"cold spot"areas exhibited a "Pole-Axis" spatial pattern, with the urban area as nuclear, the portal town in the west and east of the city as axis nodes and the national way as the diffusion axis.(4) From the perspective of driving factors, the influence of urban development, economic transition, location and transportation,historical lock-in effect, and the driving effect of economic elite in the village were the primary factors affecting rurality and its variation of space structure. Thus, we should promote further development of rural areas by accelerating new-type urbanization and industrialization,enhancing the traffic connection, extending historical lock-in effect, and cultivating the economic elite in the village.
引文
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(1)相关数据由2000-2015年《巩义市国民经济和社会发展统计公报》整理所得。
(2)巩义市现有288个行政村,其中寺沟村2010年和2015年的数据缺失,故剔除。
(3)作者曾于2014年至2015年参与《巩义市新农村建设规划2015-2025》编制工作,对288个行政村逐一进行了实地调研,写作过程中又对重点区域如乡村性一直较弱的巩义市西部片区和东部片区,以及一直较强的巩义市西北部和东南部地区等区域进行了重点调研。
(4)此部分数据来源于《巩义市城乡总体规划2014-2030》。
(5)此类与特色种植(养殖)村庄首先根据统计数据筛选出第一产业占主导地位的村庄,然后对村庄进行实地调研后具体分类。
(6)通过对巩义市的实地调查发现,经历过两次经济危机之后,巩义市的采掘类工业不断萎缩,有一定规模的93家矿石开采企业,其中40家已经停产,7家正在进行停业整顿,小规模的采掘类企业已经被全面叫停。
(7)回郭镇是中国乡镇企业的发源地,早在清末民初便出现了纺织厂等民办工业。1949年以后,经过社会主义改造,回郭镇在20世纪60年代开创了村办集体企业的先河,被毛泽东誉为“伟大的光明灿烂的希望”。这种历史发展不断积累,使得回郭镇商业气息活跃,主导产业随着时代的变化也逐渐升级,形成了现在以电线电缆、高端铝加工为主的生产资料型工业,也成为巩义市农村经济发展最好的一个片区。
(8)米河镇在发展初期以采掘类企业为主,20世纪90年代初,在米河镇小里河村经济能人张春旺的带领下,小里河村建成了全国第一家村办铝厂,由此拉开了米河镇产业转型的序幕。米河镇目前已经形成了以铝加工为主、装备制造业为辅的主导产业,乡镇企业活力强劲。
[2]柴洪辉,顾海英,张全红.中国农村城市化研究评述.经济地理,2009,29(4):654-661.[Chai Honghui,Gu Haiying,Zhang Quanhong.A literature review on the existing research of China's rural urbanization.Economic Geography,2009,29(4):654-661.]
[3]樊杰.中国农村工业发展在城镇化过程中的作用:对我国7个建制镇的实证研究.地理科学,1998,18(2):4-10.[Fan Jie.A case study on the role of rural industrial development in the process of urbanization in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1998,18(2):4-10.]
[4]杨云彦,陈洁,陈金永.乡村工业嬗变与“自下而上”城镇化.广东社会科学,2000,(1):107-113.[Yang Yunyan,Chen Jie,Chen Jinyong.The evolution of rural industry and urbanization from blew.Social Sciences in Guangdong,2000,(1):107-113.]
[5]李卫平,岳谦厚.近20年中国乡村工业化及城镇化研究回顾与省思.福建师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2015,(5):125-133.[Li Weiping,Yue Qianhou.On review of research for the Chinese rural industrialization and urbanization in recent 20 years.Journal of Fujian Normal University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2015,(5):125-133.]
[6]程怀儒.论中国城市化进程中的几个误区.河南大学学报:社会科学版,2003,43(2):18-22.[Cheng Huairu.Some erroneous ideas on Chinese urbanization.Journal of Henan University:Social Science Edition,2003,43(2):18-22.]
[7]洪银兴.城市功能意义的城市化及其产业支持.经济学家,2003,2(2):29-36.[Hong Yinxing.Urbanization in its functional sense and corresponding industrial support.Economist,2003,2(2):29-36.]
[8]李红波,张小林.乡村性研究综述与展望.人文地理,2015,30(1):16-20.[Li Hongbo,Zhang Xiaolin.A review and trend of rurality.Human Geography,2015,30(1):16-20.]
[9]龙花楼,刘彦随,邹健.中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.地理学报,2009,64(4):426-434.[Long Hualou,Liu Yansui,Zou Jian.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(4):426-434.]
[10]Cloke P.An index of rurality for England and Wales.Regional Studies,1977,11(1):31-46.
[11]Cloke P,Edwards G.Rurality in England and Wales 1981:A replication of the 1971 index.Regional Studies,1986,20(4):289-306.
[12]Harrington V,Dan O D.Rurality in England and Wales 1991:A replication and extension of the 1981 rurality index.Sociologia Ruralis,1998,38(2):178-203.
[13]Waldorf B S.A continuous multi-dimensional measure of rurality:Moving beyond threshold measures.In:American Agricultural Economics Association.Annual Meeting of American Agricultural Economic Association.Long Island,California:American Agricultural Economics Association,2006:1-28.
[14]Woods M.Rural geography:Blurring boundaries and making connections.Progress in Human Geography,2009,33(6):849-858.
[15]Woods M.Performing rurality and practising rural geography.Progress in Human Geography,2010,34(6):835-846.
[16]Oca?a-Riola R,Sánchez-Cantalejo C.Rurality index for small areas in Spain.Social Indicators Research,2005,73(2):247-266.
[17]Johansen P H,Nielsen N C.Bridging between the regional degree and the community approaches to rurality:A suggestion for a definition of rurality for everyday use.Land Use Policy,2012,29(4):781-788.
[18]张小林.乡村概念辨析.地理学报,1998,53(4):79-85.[Zhang Xiaolin.On discrimination of rural definitions.Acta Geographica Sinica,1998,53(4):79-85.]
[19]孙玉,程叶青,张平宇.东北地区乡村性评价及时空分异.地理研究,2015,34(10):1864-1874.[Sun Yu,Cheng Yeqing,Zhang Pingyu.Spatio-temporal dynamics of rurality in Northeast China.Geographical Research,2015,34(10):1864-1874.]
[20]周玉玉,马晓冬,赵彤.徐州市镇域乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价.农业现代化研究,2013,34(6):728-732.[Zhou Yuyu,Ma Xiaodong,Zhao Tong.Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in Xuzhou city on town scale.Research of Agricultural Modernization,2013,34(6):728-732.]
[21]孟欢欢,李同昇,于正松,等.安徽省乡村发展类型及乡村性空间分异研究.经济地理,2013,33(4):144-148,185.[Meng Huanhuan,Li Tongsheng,Yu Zhengsong,et al.Rurality and a correlation analysis of the county economic in Anhui province.Economic Geography,2013,33(4):144-148,185.]
[22]马力阳,李同昇,李婷,等.我国北方农牧交错带县域乡村性空间分异及其发展类型.经济地理,2015,35(9):126-133.[Ma Liyang,Li Tongsheng,Li Ting,et al.Spatial distribution of rurality and types of rural development in farmingpastoral ecotone in northern China.Economic Geography,2015,35(9):126-133.]
[23]肖黎姗,余兆武,叶红,等.福建省乡村发展与农村经济聚集耦合分析.地理学报,2015,70(4):615-624.[Xiao Lishan,Yu Zhaowu,Ye Hong,et al.The research of coupling rural development and economy cluster in Fujian province.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):615-624.]
[24]张荣天,张小林,李传武.基于县域尺度的江苏省乡村性空间格局演变及其机理研究.人文地理,2013,28(2):91-97.[Zhang Rongtian,Zhang Xiaolin,Li Chuanwu.Evolvement and mechanism of spatial pattern of rurality in Jiangsu province on county scale.Human Geography,2013,28(2):91-97.]
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(1)相关数据由2000-2015年《巩义市国民经济和社会发展统计公报》整理所得。
(2)巩义市现有288个行政村,其中寺沟村2010年和2015年的数据缺失,故剔除。
(3)作者曾于2014年至2015年参与《巩义市新农村建设规划2015-2025》编制工作,对288个行政村逐一进行了实地调研,写作过程中又对重点区域如乡村性一直较弱的巩义市西部片区和东部片区,以及一直较强的巩义市西北部和东南部地区等区域进行了重点调研。
(4)此部分数据来源于《巩义市城乡总体规划2014-2030》。
(5)此类与特色种植(养殖)村庄首先根据统计数据筛选出第一产业占主导地位的村庄,然后对村庄进行实地调研后具体分类。
(6)通过对巩义市的实地调查发现,经历过两次经济危机之后,巩义市的采掘类工业不断萎缩,有一定规模的93家矿石开采企业,其中40家已经停产,7家正在进行停业整顿,小规模的采掘类企业已经被全面叫停。
(7)回郭镇是中国乡镇企业的发源地,早在清末民初便出现了纺织厂等民办工业。1949年以后,经过社会主义改造,回郭镇在20世纪60年代开创了村办集体企业的先河,被毛泽东誉为“伟大的光明灿烂的希望”。这种历史发展不断积累,使得回郭镇商业气息活跃,主导产业随着时代的变化也逐渐升级,形成了现在以电线电缆、高端铝加工为主的生产资料型工业,也成为巩义市农村经济发展最好的一个片区。
(8)米河镇在发展初期以采掘类企业为主,20世纪90年代初,在米河镇小里河村经济能人张春旺的带领下,小里河村建成了全国第一家村办铝厂,由此拉开了米河镇产业转型的序幕。米河镇目前已经形成了以铝加工为主、装备制造业为辅的主导产业,乡镇企业活力强劲。
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