现代汉语“被”字结构的功能视角研究
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摘要
本文基于系统功能语言学内的加的夫语法对现代汉语"被"字句进行探讨,旨在界定"被"字的语类,明确"被"字结构在不同情况下所表达的意义。研究发现,"被"字是非终结性受动词,在结构上表示主语是动作、性状或事件的承受者,与后面的动词构成复合结构共同表达被动义、遭受义、致使义、承赐义和认定义。
Within the framework of the Cardiff Grammar—a model of Systemic Functional Linguistics,this paper investigates "Bei" construction in modern mandarin Chinese with the aim of specifying the part of speech of "Bei" and revealing various meanings of "Bei" construction in different contexts. The research shows that "Bei" is non-termination passive verb indicating subject as the bearer of action,state,and event. "Bei" and the following verb in "Bei"construction together express the meanings of passivizing,sufferring,causing,favor-acceptiing and identifying.
Within the framework of the Cardiff Grammar—a model of Systemic Functional Linguistics,this paper investigates "Bei" construction in modern mandarin Chinese with the aim of specifying the part of speech of "Bei" and revealing various meanings of "Bei" construction in different contexts. The research shows that "Bei" is non-termination passive verb indicating subject as the bearer of action,state,and event. "Bei" and the following verb in "Bei"construction together express the meanings of passivizing,sufferring,causing,favor-acceptiing and identifying.
引文
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何伟魏榕.话语分析范式与生态话语分析的理论基础[J].当代修辞学,2018(5).‖He,W.,Wei,R.The Paradigm of Discourse Analyses and the Theoretical Foundation of Ecological Discourse Analysis[J].Contempory Rhetoric,2018(5).
蒋绍愚.近代汉语研究概况[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994.‖Jiang,S.-Y.A Survey of Modern Chinese Studies[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,1994.
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李临定.现代汉语句型[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.‖Li,L.-D.Sentence Patterns in Modern Mandarin Chinese[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1986.
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向熹.《水浒》中的“把”字句、“将”字句和“被”字句[A].语言学论丛(第二辑)[C].北京:新知识出版社,1958.‖Xiang,X.“Ba”Sentence,“Jiang”Sentence and“Bei”Sentence in Shui Hu[A].Linguistics(Second Series)[C].Beijing:New Knowledge Press,1958.
邢福义.承赐型“被”字句[J].语言研究,2004(1).‖Xing,F.-Y.On the Favor-accepting Type of Passive Sentences with the Marker“Bei”[J].Studies in Language and Linguistics,2004(1).
许绍早.“水浒”中的“被”字句[J].东北人民大学人文科学学报,1956(3).‖Xu,S.-Z.“Bei”Sentence in Shui Hu[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences E-dition,1956(3).
Fawcett,R.P.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publication,2000.
Goodall,G.Spec-head Agreement as the Motivation for NP-movement[P].Paper presented at the 23rdWestern Conference on Linguistics,Tucson,1992.
Halliday,M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold,1994.
Pan,H.Generalized Passivization on Complex Predicates[P].Paper Presented at the 72thAnnual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,New York,1998.
Tang,S.W.A Complementation Approach to Chinese Passives and Its Consequences[J].Linguistics,2001(2).
(1)图示说明:Σ=Sentence(句子),Cl=Clause(小句),S=Subject(主语),P=Predicator(谓体),X=Auxiliary Verb(助动词),PEx=Predicator Extension(谓体延长成分),C=Complement(补语),E=Ender(结束标记),ngp=nominal group(名词词组),m=modifier(前修饰语),hpnclr=human proper name cluster(人类专有名词字符串),fn=family name(姓氏),t2=second title(称谓),h=head(中心词),pphr=prepositional phrase(介词短语),p=predicator(介谓体),cv=completive(介词补语)。
邓思颖.作格化和汉语被动句[J].中国语文,2004(4).‖Deng,S.-Y.Ergativization and Chinese Passives[J].Studies of the Chinese Language,2004(4).
何融.谈现代汉语受动词[J].学术研究,1964(1).‖He,R.Receiving Verbs in Modern Chinese[J].Academic Research,1964(1).
何伟高生文贾培培张娇邱靖娜.汉语功能句法分析[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015.‖He,W.,Gao,S.-W.,Jia,P.-P.,Zhang,J.,Qiu,J.-N.Functional Syntactic Analysis of Chinese[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2015.
何伟魏榕.话语分析范式与生态话语分析的理论基础[J].当代修辞学,2018(5).‖He,W.,Wei,R.The Paradigm of Discourse Analyses and the Theoretical Foundation of Ecological Discourse Analysis[J].Contempory Rhetoric,2018(5).
蒋绍愚.近代汉语研究概况[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1994.‖Jiang,S.-Y.A Survey of Modern Chinese Studies[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,1994.
黎锦熙.新著国语文法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1992.‖Li,J.-X.New Chinese Grammar[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1992.
李临定.现代汉语句型[M].北京:商务印书馆,1986.‖Li,L.-D.Sentence Patterns in Modern Mandarin Chinese[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1986.
刘东升.被动标记词“被”应归入助词[J].语言研究,2008(3).‖Liu,D.-S.“Bei”Should be Seen as an Auxiliary[J].Studies in Language and Linguistics,2008(3).
吕叔湘.现代汉语八百词[M].北京:商务印书馆,1980.‖Lv,S.-X.Eight Hundred Words in Modern Chinese[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1980.
王力.中国现代语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1985.‖Wang,L.Chinese Modern Grammar[M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,1985.
向熹.《水浒》中的“把”字句、“将”字句和“被”字句[A].语言学论丛(第二辑)[C].北京:新知识出版社,1958.‖Xiang,X.“Ba”Sentence,“Jiang”Sentence and“Bei”Sentence in Shui Hu[A].Linguistics(Second Series)[C].Beijing:New Knowledge Press,1958.
邢福义.承赐型“被”字句[J].语言研究,2004(1).‖Xing,F.-Y.On the Favor-accepting Type of Passive Sentences with the Marker“Bei”[J].Studies in Language and Linguistics,2004(1).
许绍早.“水浒”中的“被”字句[J].东北人民大学人文科学学报,1956(3).‖Xu,S.-Z.“Bei”Sentence in Shui Hu[J].Jilin University Journal Social Sciences E-dition,1956(3).
Fawcett,R.P.A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publication,2000.
Goodall,G.Spec-head Agreement as the Motivation for NP-movement[P].Paper presented at the 23rdWestern Conference on Linguistics,Tucson,1992.
Halliday,M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].London:Edward Arnold,1994.
Pan,H.Generalized Passivization on Complex Predicates[P].Paper Presented at the 72thAnnual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,New York,1998.
Tang,S.W.A Complementation Approach to Chinese Passives and Its Consequences[J].Linguistics,2001(2).
(1)图示说明:Σ=Sentence(句子),Cl=Clause(小句),S=Subject(主语),P=Predicator(谓体),X=Auxiliary Verb(助动词),PEx=Predicator Extension(谓体延长成分),C=Complement(补语),E=Ender(结束标记),ngp=nominal group(名词词组),m=modifier(前修饰语),hpnclr=human proper name cluster(人类专有名词字符串),fn=family name(姓氏),t2=second title(称谓),h=head(中心词),pphr=prepositional phrase(介词短语),p=predicator(介谓体),cv=completive(介词补语)。