千岛湖片段化景观中蜘蛛群落物种多样性和功能群结构及其影响因素
|
摘要
生境片段化对蜘蛛群落有着重要影响,目前这方面的研究较少,多集中于不同植被类型间蜘蛛群落的比较研究。在千岛湖片段化景观中选取16个陆桥岛屿,从2010年春季到2011年秋季,按季度(春、夏、秋季)6次采用Winkler法收集蜘蛛标本,分析其物种多度、多样性、季节动态和功能群差异,并对不同大小岛屿上蜘蛛的功能群的多度以及功能群比例差异进行单因素方差分析。结果表明:共收集到蜘蛛标本3503头,用于统计分析的成蛛1438头,归属于30科82种,其中幽灵蛛科(Spermophora)、管巢蛛科(Clubionidae)、螲蟷科(Ctenizidae)、蟹蛛科(Thomisidae)分别占总数的7.37%、6.61%、5.84%、5.29%,螲蟷科(Ctenizidae)在16个岛屿上均有分布。Shannon-Wiener指数在不同季节间差异显著(P<0.05),物种丰富度在秋季最高。在功能群上,伏击型蜘蛛的多度最高,其次为游猎型蜘蛛,结圆网型蜘蛛多度最低,穴居型蜘蛛的多度与其他各功能群呈显著差异(P<0.05);游猎型蜘蛛与伏击型蜘蛛的多度均显著高于结皿网型蜘蛛与结圆网型蜘蛛(P<0.05);蜘蛛的各功能群数量在小岛与大岛这两种不同的岛屿类型上表现出显著差异,小岛上伏击型蜘蛛的物种数显著高于大岛上的物种数;比例上,结皿网型蜘蛛和伏击型蜘蛛在小岛上占功能群总体数目的比例显著低于大岛上的比例(P<0.05),小岛上的游猎型蜘蛛占功能群总体数目的比例显著高于大岛上的比例(P<0.05),结圆网型蜘蛛与穴居型蜘蛛在不同类型的岛屿间不存在显著差异。总体而言,秋季蜘蛛物种丰富度最高,蜘蛛的多样性与季节相关;生境片段化对蜘蛛功能群的分布产生了一定影响。
Habitat fragmentation has important effects on the spider community; however, the few research studies in this area are mostly comparative studies between different forest types. In this study, we sampled spiders using Winkler traps six times from 2010 to 2011(in three seasons, spring, summer, and autumn) on 16 land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake, East China. We analyzed the species abundance, diversity, and seasonal dynamics and compared the differences between functional groups. Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of island area on different spider functional groups. The results showed that 3503 spider individuals were collected, including 1438, which were identifiable adults belonging to 30 families and 82 species. Among the identifiable individuals, Spermophora sp. 1, Clubionidae sp. 2, Ctenizidae sp. 2, and Thomisidae sp. 3 accounted for 7.37%, 6.61%, 5.84%, and 5.29%, and Ctenizidae sp. 2 were sampled on all 16 islands. The Shannon-Wiener index revealed that the difference in the spider diversity between the various seasons was significant(P < 0.05). Spiders showed the highest diversity in autumn compared with that in spring and summer. For the functional group structure, the abundance of Ambush predators was the highest, followed by that of Cursorial hunters was, and that of Orb weavers was the lowest. There was a significant difference in individuals between the Burrowing spiders and other functional groups(P < 0.05). The individual Cursorial hunters and Ambush predators were significantly higher than those of Sheet-line and Orb weavers were(P < 0.05). The individuals in the functional group showed significant differences between the small and large islands. The diversity of Ambush predators on small islands was significantly higher than that on the large islands was. The proportion of Sheet-line weavers and Ambush predators on the small islands was significantly lower than that on the large islands was; the proportion of Cursorial hunters on small islands was significantly higher than that on large islands; but for Orb weavers and Burrowing spiders, there was no significant difference between the small and large islands. In conclusion, spider diversity showed seasonal dynamics and, to a certain extent, the habitat fragmentation affected the distribution of different spider functional groups.
Habitat fragmentation has important effects on the spider community; however, the few research studies in this area are mostly comparative studies between different forest types. In this study, we sampled spiders using Winkler traps six times from 2010 to 2011(in three seasons, spring, summer, and autumn) on 16 land-bridge islands in the Thousand Island Lake, East China. We analyzed the species abundance, diversity, and seasonal dynamics and compared the differences between functional groups. Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of island area on different spider functional groups. The results showed that 3503 spider individuals were collected, including 1438, which were identifiable adults belonging to 30 families and 82 species. Among the identifiable individuals, Spermophora sp. 1, Clubionidae sp. 2, Ctenizidae sp. 2, and Thomisidae sp. 3 accounted for 7.37%, 6.61%, 5.84%, and 5.29%, and Ctenizidae sp. 2 were sampled on all 16 islands. The Shannon-Wiener index revealed that the difference in the spider diversity between the various seasons was significant(P < 0.05). Spiders showed the highest diversity in autumn compared with that in spring and summer. For the functional group structure, the abundance of Ambush predators was the highest, followed by that of Cursorial hunters was, and that of Orb weavers was the lowest. There was a significant difference in individuals between the Burrowing spiders and other functional groups(P < 0.05). The individual Cursorial hunters and Ambush predators were significantly higher than those of Sheet-line and Orb weavers were(P < 0.05). The individuals in the functional group showed significant differences between the small and large islands. The diversity of Ambush predators on small islands was significantly higher than that on the large islands was. The proportion of Sheet-line weavers and Ambush predators on the small islands was significantly lower than that on the large islands was; the proportion of Cursorial hunters on small islands was significantly higher than that on large islands; but for Orb weavers and Burrowing spiders, there was no significant difference between the small and large islands. In conclusion, spider diversity showed seasonal dynamics and, to a certain extent, the habitat fragmentation affected the distribution of different spider functional groups.
引文
[1] Collinge S K.Ecology of Fragmented Landscapes.Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,2009.
[2] 罗媛媛,刘金亮,黄杰灵,白梅竹.千岛湖陆桥岛屿上黑腹狼蛛(Lycosa coelestris)遗传多样性及其受生境片段化的影响.科学通报,2014,59(19):1851- 1860.
[3] 刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,冯霞,李秀英.景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响.林业科学研究,2005,18(2):222- 226.
[4] Gibbs J P.Demography versus habitat fragmentation as determinants of genetic variation in wild populations.Biological Conservation,2001,100(1):15- 20.
[5] Sui X Q,Wang K,Zheng S H,Li L,An S Z.Effects of landscape fragmentation on genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii Roshev (Stipa L.) in agro-pastoral ecotone in Northern China.African Journal of Biotechnology,2009,8(15):3431- 3439.
[6] 申效诚,张保石,张锋,刘新涛.世界蜘蛛的分布格局及其多元相似性聚类分析.生态学报,2013,33(21):6795- 6802.
[7] Nyffeler M.Ecological impact of spider predation:a critical assessment of Bristowe′s and Turnbull′s estimates.Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society,2000,11(9):367- 373.
[8] Riechert S E,Bishop L.Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators:spiders in garden test systems.Ecology,1990,71(4):1441- 1450.
[9] Hore U,Uniyal V P.Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area,India.Journal of Arachnology,2008,36(2):251- 258.
[10] Oxbrough A G,Gittings T,O′Halloran J,Giller P S,Smith G F.Structural indicators of spider communities across the forest plantation cycle.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,212(1/3):171- 183.
[11] Wise D H.Wandering spiders limit densities of a major microbi-detritivore in the forest-floor food web.Pedobiologia,2004,48(2):181- 188.
[12] Bultman T L,Uetz G W.Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation.Oecologia,1982,55(1):34- 41.
[13] Marc P,Canard A.Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1997,62(2/3):229- 235.
[14] Marc P,Canard A,Ysnel F.Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1999,74(1/3):229- 273.
[15] Churchill T B.Spiders as ecological indicators in the Australian tropics:family distribution patterns along rainfall and grazing gradients//Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology.Edinburgh:British Arachnological Society,1998.
[16] 吴初平,张骏,沈爱华,朱锦茹,袁位高,江波.千岛湖次生林不同演替阶段林分空间结构研究.植物研究,2015,35(1):16- 21.
[17] Wilson M C,Chen X Y,Corlett R T,Didham R K,Ding P,Holt R D,Holyoak M,Hu G,Hughes A C,Jiang L,Laurance W F,Liu J J,Pimm S L,Robinson S K,Russo S E,Si X F,Wilcove D S,Wu J G,Yu M J.Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation:key findings and future challenges.Landscape Ecology,2016,31(2):229- 230.
[18] 骆杨青,余梅生,余晶晶,郑诗璐,刘佳佳,于明坚.千岛湖地区常见木本植物性状和相对多度对幼苗植食作用的影响.植物生态学报,2017,41(10):1033- 1040.
[19] Jin Y,Russo S E,Yu M J.Effects of light and topography on regeneration and coexistence of evergreen and deciduous tree species in a Chinese subtropical forest.Journal of Ecology,2018,106(4):1634- 1645.
[20] 张竞成,王彦平,蒋萍萍,李鹏,于明坚,丁平.千岛湖雀形目鸟类群落嵌套结构分析.生物多样性,2008,16(4):321- 331.
[21] Wu L B,Si X F,Didham R K,Ge D P,Ding P.Dispersal modality determines the relative partitioning of beta diversity in spider assemblages on subtropical land-bridge islands.Journal of Biogeography,2017,44(9):2121- 2131.
[22] 任丽君,徐志宏,卢剑波,赵改,张群.千岛湖岛屿特征与节肢动物多样性的关系.应用生态学报,2009,20(9):2255- 2261.
[23] 周文婕,罗媛嫒,仲磊,潘林.生境片段化对千岛湖地表甲虫物种多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):509- 518.
[24] Terborgh J,Lopez L,Nuňez P,Rao M,Shahabuddin G,Orihuela G,Riveros M,Ascanio R,Adler G H,Lambert T D,Balbas L.Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments.Science,2001,294(5548):1923- 1926.
[25] Didham R.Overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation//Watt A D,Stork N E,Hunter M D,eds.Forests and Insects.London:Chapman and Hall,1997.
[26] Fisher B L.A model for a global Inventory of ants:a case study in Madagascar.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,2005,56(S1):86- 97.
[27] Baars M A.Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles.Oecologia,1979,41(1):25- 46.
[28] Donegan K K,Seidler R J,Fieland V J,Schaller D L,Palm C J,Ganio L M,Cardwell D M,Steinberger Y.Decomposition of genetically engineered tobacco under field conditions:persistence of the proteinase inhibitor I product and effects on soil microbial respiration and protozoa,nematode and microarthropod populations.Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,34(3):767- 777.
[29] Perry W B,Christiansen T A,Perry S A.Response of soil and leaf litter microarthropods to forest application of diflubenzuron.Ecotoxicology,1997,6(2):87- 99.
[30] 尹文英.中国土壤动物.北京:科学出版社,2000.
[31] 冯钟琪.中国蜘蛛原色图鉴.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1990.
[32] H?fer H,Brescovit A D.Species and guild structure of a Neotropical spider assemblage (Araneae) from Reserva Ducke.Amazonas,Brazil.Andrias,2001,15:99- 119.
[33] S?rensen L L.Stratification of the spider fauna in a Tanzanian forest//Basset Y,Novotn,eds.Arthropods of Tropical Forests:Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[34] 王巍巍.宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区地表甲虫多样性及其边缘效应研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2013.
[35] 吴坤君,龚佩瑜,盛承发.昆虫多样性参数的测定和表达.昆虫知识,2005,42(3):338- 340.
[36] 李巧,陈又清,徐正会.蚂蚁群落研究方法[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1862- 1870..
[37] Oksanen J,Blanchet F G,Kindt R,et al.Vegan:community ecology package:ordination,diversity and dissimilarities[J].2011.
[38] 王海香,王慧,李登科,王有年,师光禄.枣园蜘蛛群落结构特征的研究.北京农学院学报,2009,24(3):5- 9.
[39] 李代芹,赵敬钊.棉田蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究.生态学报,1993,13(3):205- 213.
[40] Uetz G W.Habitat structure and spider foraging//Bell S S,McCoy E D,Mushinsky H R,eds.Habitat Structure.Dordrecht:Springer,1991:325- 348.
[41] 于晓东,罗天宏,周红章.东灵山地区地表甲虫群落组成及季节变化.昆虫学报,2002,45(6):785- 793.
[42] 潘林.千岛湖片段化生境中地表甲虫类群多样性的研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2015.
[43] Wang Y P,Bao Y X,Yu M J,Xu G F,Ding P.BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH:nestedness for different reasons:the distributions of birds,lizards and small mammals on islands of an inundated lake.Diversity and Distributions,2010,16(5):862- 873.
[44] Tsai Z L,Huang P S,Tso I M.Habitat management by aboriginals promotes high spider diversity on an Asian tropical island.Ecography,2006,29(1):84- 94.
[45] 刘长海,曹文文,段秋艳,苑彩霞,陈宗礼.延川不同类型枣园蜘蛛群落多样性研究.河北林果研究,2017,32(1):57- 60.
[46] 郑国,杨效东,李枢强.西双版纳地区六种林型地表蜘蛛多样性比较研究.昆虫学报,2009,52(8):875- 884.
[47] 葛大鹏.千岛湖片段化栖息地中地栖蜘蛛多样性与嵌套分布格局及其影响机制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[48] 任海庆,陈建,袁兴中,刘杰.海南天然林与橡胶林蜘蛛多样性比较.生态学报,2016,36(6):1774- 1781.
[49] 喻国辉,陈建,陈文华,陈燕红.2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究.蛛形学报,2007,16(1):21- 26.
[50] Russell-Smith A.A comparison of the diversity and composition of ground-active spiders in mkomazi game reserve,tanzania and etosha national park,namibia.Journal of Arachnology,2002,30(2):383- 388.
[51] Sudhikumar A V,Mathew M J,Sunish E,Sebastian P A.Seasonal variation in spider abundance in Kuttanad rice agroecosystem,Kerala,India (Araneae).Acta Zoologica Bulgarica,2005,(S1):181- 190.
[52] 宋大祥,朱明生,陈军.河北动物志:蜘蛛类.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2001.
[53] Kato M,Inoue T,Hamid A A,Nagamitsu T,Merdek M B,Nona A R,Itino T,Yamane S,Yumoto T.Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak.Researches on Population Ecology,1995,37(1):59- 79.
[54] Wagner J D,Toft S,Wise D H.Spatial stratification in litter depth by forest-floor spiders.Journal of Arachnology,2003,31(1):28- 39.
[2] 罗媛媛,刘金亮,黄杰灵,白梅竹.千岛湖陆桥岛屿上黑腹狼蛛(Lycosa coelestris)遗传多样性及其受生境片段化的影响.科学通报,2014,59(19):1851- 1860.
[3] 刘建锋,肖文发,江泽平,冯霞,李秀英.景观破碎化对生物多样性的影响.林业科学研究,2005,18(2):222- 226.
[4] Gibbs J P.Demography versus habitat fragmentation as determinants of genetic variation in wild populations.Biological Conservation,2001,100(1):15- 20.
[5] Sui X Q,Wang K,Zheng S H,Li L,An S Z.Effects of landscape fragmentation on genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii Roshev (Stipa L.) in agro-pastoral ecotone in Northern China.African Journal of Biotechnology,2009,8(15):3431- 3439.
[6] 申效诚,张保石,张锋,刘新涛.世界蜘蛛的分布格局及其多元相似性聚类分析.生态学报,2013,33(21):6795- 6802.
[7] Nyffeler M.Ecological impact of spider predation:a critical assessment of Bristowe′s and Turnbull′s estimates.Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society,2000,11(9):367- 373.
[8] Riechert S E,Bishop L.Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators:spiders in garden test systems.Ecology,1990,71(4):1441- 1450.
[9] Hore U,Uniyal V P.Diversity and composition of spider assemblages in five vegetation types of the Terai Conservation Area,India.Journal of Arachnology,2008,36(2):251- 258.
[10] Oxbrough A G,Gittings T,O′Halloran J,Giller P S,Smith G F.Structural indicators of spider communities across the forest plantation cycle.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,212(1/3):171- 183.
[11] Wise D H.Wandering spiders limit densities of a major microbi-detritivore in the forest-floor food web.Pedobiologia,2004,48(2):181- 188.
[12] Bultman T L,Uetz G W.Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation.Oecologia,1982,55(1):34- 41.
[13] Marc P,Canard A.Maintaining spider biodiversity in agroecosystems as a tool in pest control.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1997,62(2/3):229- 235.
[14] Marc P,Canard A,Ysnel F.Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication.Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1999,74(1/3):229- 273.
[15] Churchill T B.Spiders as ecological indicators in the Australian tropics:family distribution patterns along rainfall and grazing gradients//Proceedings of the 17th European Colloquium of Arachnology.Edinburgh:British Arachnological Society,1998.
[16] 吴初平,张骏,沈爱华,朱锦茹,袁位高,江波.千岛湖次生林不同演替阶段林分空间结构研究.植物研究,2015,35(1):16- 21.
[17] Wilson M C,Chen X Y,Corlett R T,Didham R K,Ding P,Holt R D,Holyoak M,Hu G,Hughes A C,Jiang L,Laurance W F,Liu J J,Pimm S L,Robinson S K,Russo S E,Si X F,Wilcove D S,Wu J G,Yu M J.Habitat fragmentation and biodiversity conservation:key findings and future challenges.Landscape Ecology,2016,31(2):229- 230.
[18] 骆杨青,余梅生,余晶晶,郑诗璐,刘佳佳,于明坚.千岛湖地区常见木本植物性状和相对多度对幼苗植食作用的影响.植物生态学报,2017,41(10):1033- 1040.
[19] Jin Y,Russo S E,Yu M J.Effects of light and topography on regeneration and coexistence of evergreen and deciduous tree species in a Chinese subtropical forest.Journal of Ecology,2018,106(4):1634- 1645.
[20] 张竞成,王彦平,蒋萍萍,李鹏,于明坚,丁平.千岛湖雀形目鸟类群落嵌套结构分析.生物多样性,2008,16(4):321- 331.
[21] Wu L B,Si X F,Didham R K,Ge D P,Ding P.Dispersal modality determines the relative partitioning of beta diversity in spider assemblages on subtropical land-bridge islands.Journal of Biogeography,2017,44(9):2121- 2131.
[22] 任丽君,徐志宏,卢剑波,赵改,张群.千岛湖岛屿特征与节肢动物多样性的关系.应用生态学报,2009,20(9):2255- 2261.
[23] 周文婕,罗媛嫒,仲磊,潘林.生境片段化对千岛湖地表甲虫物种多样性的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(2):509- 518.
[24] Terborgh J,Lopez L,Nuňez P,Rao M,Shahabuddin G,Orihuela G,Riveros M,Ascanio R,Adler G H,Lambert T D,Balbas L.Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments.Science,2001,294(5548):1923- 1926.
[25] Didham R.Overview of invertebrate responses to forest fragmentation//Watt A D,Stork N E,Hunter M D,eds.Forests and Insects.London:Chapman and Hall,1997.
[26] Fisher B L.A model for a global Inventory of ants:a case study in Madagascar.Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,2005,56(S1):86- 97.
[27] Baars M A.Catches in pitfall traps in relation to mean densities of carabid beetles.Oecologia,1979,41(1):25- 46.
[28] Donegan K K,Seidler R J,Fieland V J,Schaller D L,Palm C J,Ganio L M,Cardwell D M,Steinberger Y.Decomposition of genetically engineered tobacco under field conditions:persistence of the proteinase inhibitor I product and effects on soil microbial respiration and protozoa,nematode and microarthropod populations.Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,34(3):767- 777.
[29] Perry W B,Christiansen T A,Perry S A.Response of soil and leaf litter microarthropods to forest application of diflubenzuron.Ecotoxicology,1997,6(2):87- 99.
[30] 尹文英.中国土壤动物.北京:科学出版社,2000.
[31] 冯钟琪.中国蜘蛛原色图鉴.长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1990.
[32] H?fer H,Brescovit A D.Species and guild structure of a Neotropical spider assemblage (Araneae) from Reserva Ducke.Amazonas,Brazil.Andrias,2001,15:99- 119.
[33] S?rensen L L.Stratification of the spider fauna in a Tanzanian forest//Basset Y,Novotn,eds.Arthropods of Tropical Forests:Spatio-Temporal Dynamics and Resource Use in the Canopy.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[34] 王巍巍.宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区地表甲虫多样性及其边缘效应研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2013.
[35] 吴坤君,龚佩瑜,盛承发.昆虫多样性参数的测定和表达.昆虫知识,2005,42(3):338- 340.
[36] 李巧,陈又清,徐正会.蚂蚁群落研究方法[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(9):1862- 1870..
[37] Oksanen J,Blanchet F G,Kindt R,et al.Vegan:community ecology package:ordination,diversity and dissimilarities[J].2011.
[38] 王海香,王慧,李登科,王有年,师光禄.枣园蜘蛛群落结构特征的研究.北京农学院学报,2009,24(3):5- 9.
[39] 李代芹,赵敬钊.棉田蜘蛛群落及其多样性研究.生态学报,1993,13(3):205- 213.
[40] Uetz G W.Habitat structure and spider foraging//Bell S S,McCoy E D,Mushinsky H R,eds.Habitat Structure.Dordrecht:Springer,1991:325- 348.
[41] 于晓东,罗天宏,周红章.东灵山地区地表甲虫群落组成及季节变化.昆虫学报,2002,45(6):785- 793.
[42] 潘林.千岛湖片段化生境中地表甲虫类群多样性的研究[D].金华:浙江师范大学,2015.
[43] Wang Y P,Bao Y X,Yu M J,Xu G F,Ding P.BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH:nestedness for different reasons:the distributions of birds,lizards and small mammals on islands of an inundated lake.Diversity and Distributions,2010,16(5):862- 873.
[44] Tsai Z L,Huang P S,Tso I M.Habitat management by aboriginals promotes high spider diversity on an Asian tropical island.Ecography,2006,29(1):84- 94.
[45] 刘长海,曹文文,段秋艳,苑彩霞,陈宗礼.延川不同类型枣园蜘蛛群落多样性研究.河北林果研究,2017,32(1):57- 60.
[46] 郑国,杨效东,李枢强.西双版纳地区六种林型地表蜘蛛多样性比较研究.昆虫学报,2009,52(8):875- 884.
[47] 葛大鹏.千岛湖片段化栖息地中地栖蜘蛛多样性与嵌套分布格局及其影响机制[D].杭州:浙江大学,2015.
[48] 任海庆,陈建,袁兴中,刘杰.海南天然林与橡胶林蜘蛛多样性比较.生态学报,2016,36(6):1774- 1781.
[49] 喻国辉,陈建,陈文华,陈燕红.2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究.蛛形学报,2007,16(1):21- 26.
[50] Russell-Smith A.A comparison of the diversity and composition of ground-active spiders in mkomazi game reserve,tanzania and etosha national park,namibia.Journal of Arachnology,2002,30(2):383- 388.
[51] Sudhikumar A V,Mathew M J,Sunish E,Sebastian P A.Seasonal variation in spider abundance in Kuttanad rice agroecosystem,Kerala,India (Araneae).Acta Zoologica Bulgarica,2005,(S1):181- 190.
[52] 宋大祥,朱明生,陈军.河北动物志:蜘蛛类.石家庄:河北科学技术出版社,2001.
[53] Kato M,Inoue T,Hamid A A,Nagamitsu T,Merdek M B,Nona A R,Itino T,Yamane S,Yumoto T.Seasonality and vertical structure of light-attracted insect communities in a dipterocarp forest in Sarawak.Researches on Population Ecology,1995,37(1):59- 79.
[54] Wagner J D,Toft S,Wise D H.Spatial stratification in litter depth by forest-floor spiders.Journal of Arachnology,2003,31(1):28- 39.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |