重金属和聚苯乙烯微球对卤虫的复合毒性效应研究
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摘要
微塑料是一类重要的海洋污染物,由于其性质稳定、难以降解,对海洋生态系统具有潜在的危害。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,容易吸附海洋中的重金属等污染物产生二次危害,因此研究微塑料与重金属的复合毒性效应对于正确评价微塑料的生态风险具有重要意义。本文以卤虫(Artemia parthenogenetica)作为研究对象,考察了10μm聚苯乙烯微球与2种重金属(Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+))对卤虫无节幼体的单一及复合急性毒性。同时使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了卤虫体内Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)浓度随时间的变化情况,比较分析了聚苯乙烯微球对重金属在卤虫体内富集的影响。研究发现,Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)单一暴露时对卤虫无节幼体的24 h半数致死浓度(24 h-LC_(50))分别为(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1)和(164.5±27.3) mg·L~(-1),与聚苯乙烯微球共同作用时24h-LC_(50)分别为(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1)和(178.3±36.4) mg·L~(-1),聚苯乙烯微球的存在显著促进了卤虫对Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的摄入和排出,但并未影响二者急性毒性。研究结果可为海洋环境中微塑料和重金属的生态风险评价提供理论依据。
As a kind of important marine pollutants, microplastics(MPs) are potentially harmful to the marine ecosystem because of their stable and non-degradable properties. MPs can easily absorb heavy metals and other pollutants in the ocean due to their small particle size and large specific surface area, which would result in additional ecological risks. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the mixture toxicity of MPs and heavy metals for their ecological risk assessment. The individual and mixture acute toxicities of 10 μm polystyrene(PS) and Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)on nauplii of brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica, were investigated. The concentrations of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)in nauplii were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and then the effects of the presence of polystyrene particles on the accumulation of heavy metals in nauplii were explored. The results showed that the 24-h median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)were(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1) and(164.5±27.3)mg·L~(-1), respectively. In contrast, the 24 h-LC_(50) of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)combined with PS were(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1) and(178.3± 36.4) mg·L~(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the time-dependent concentrations of heavy metals in nauplii showed that the presence of polystyrene microspheres significantly promoted the uptake and excretion rates of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)by nauplii of A. parthenogenetica. However, this promotion did not affect the acute toxicities of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)compared with the absence of MPs. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for ecological risk assessment of microplastics and heavy metals in the marine environment.
As a kind of important marine pollutants, microplastics(MPs) are potentially harmful to the marine ecosystem because of their stable and non-degradable properties. MPs can easily absorb heavy metals and other pollutants in the ocean due to their small particle size and large specific surface area, which would result in additional ecological risks. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the mixture toxicity of MPs and heavy metals for their ecological risk assessment. The individual and mixture acute toxicities of 10 μm polystyrene(PS) and Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)on nauplii of brine shrimp, Artemia parthenogenetica, were investigated. The concentrations of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)in nauplii were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), and then the effects of the presence of polystyrene particles on the accumulation of heavy metals in nauplii were explored. The results showed that the 24-h median lethal concentration(LC_(50)) of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)were(1.26±0.15) mg·L~(-1) and(164.5±27.3)mg·L~(-1), respectively. In contrast, the 24 h-LC_(50) of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)combined with PS were(1.38±0.23) mg·L~(-1) and(178.3± 36.4) mg·L~(-1), respectively. Furthermore, the time-dependent concentrations of heavy metals in nauplii showed that the presence of polystyrene microspheres significantly promoted the uptake and excretion rates of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)by nauplii of A. parthenogenetica. However, this promotion did not affect the acute toxicities of Cu~(2+)and Cd~(2+)compared with the absence of MPs. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for ecological risk assessment of microplastics and heavy metals in the marine environment.
引文
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[14]Cole M,Lindeque P,Fileman E,et al.The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding,function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(2):1130-1137
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[17]Lamb J B,Willis B L,Fiorenza E A,et al.Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs[J].Science,2018,359:460-462
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[20]Deng Y,Zhang Y,Qiao R,et al.Evidence that microplastics aggravate the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants in mice(Mus musculus)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,357:348-354
[21]Rios Mendoza L M,Jones P R.Characterisation of microplastics and toxic chemicals extracted from microplastic samples from the North Pacific Gyre[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,12(5):611
[22]田金,李超,宛立,等.海洋重金属污染的研究进展[J].水产科学,2009,28(7):413-418Tian J,Li C,Wan L,et al.The advances of heavy metal pollution in marine environment[J].Fisheries Science,2009,28(7):413-418(in Chinese)
[23]Zhang J,Liu C L.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China—Weathering features,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes[J].Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,54(6):1051-1070
[24]高丰蕾,李景喜,孙承君,等.微塑料富集金属铅元素的能力与特征分析[J].分析测试学报,2017,36(8):1018-1022Gao F L,Li J X,Sun C J,et al.Analysis on ability and characteristics of microplastics to enrich metal lead[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2017,36(8):1018-1022(in Chinese)
[25]Bergami E,Pugnalini S,Vannuccini M L,et al.Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2017,189:159-169
[26]贺志鹏,宋金明,张乃星,等.南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,2008,29(5):1153-1162He Z P,Song J M,Zhang N X,et al.Vatriation characteristics and controlling factors of heavy metals in the south Yellow Sea surface seawaters[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(5):1153-1162(in Chinese)
[27]Holmes L A,Turner A,Thompson R C.Interactions between trace metals and plastic production pellets under estuarine conditions[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,167:25-32
[28]Wen B,Jin S,Chen Z,et al.Single and combined effects of microplastics and cadmium on the cadmium accumulation,antioxidant defence and innate immunity of the discus fish(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:462-471
[29]Lu K,Qiao R,An H,et al.Influence of microplastics on the accumulation and chronic toxic effects of cadmium in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2018,202:514-520
[30]Wang Y,Zhang D,Zhang M,et al.Effects of ingested polystyrene microplastics on brine shrimp,Artemia parthenogenetica[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,244:715-722
[31]王立军,栗俊,张玉凤,等.应用ICP-MS直接测定近岸高盐排污口水样中重金属方法研究[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(2):172-174Wang L J,Su J,Zhang Y F,et al.Direct analysis of heavy metals in the nearshore discharged water with high salt matrix using ICP-MS[J].Marine Environmental Science,2007,26(2):172-174(in Chinese)
[32]Beiras R,Bellas J,Cachot J,et al.Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,360:452-460
[33]Rochman C M,Kurobe T,Flores I,et al.Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:656-661
[34]吴宗凡,刘兴国,王高学.重金属与有机磷农药二元混合物对卤虫联合毒性的评价及预测[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(4):602-608Wu Z F,Liu X G,Wang G X.Evaluating and modeling the toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals and organophosphate pesticides to Artemia salina[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(4):602-608(in Chinese)
[35]Hadjispyrou S,Kungolos A,Anagnostopoulos A.Toxicity,bioaccumulation,and interactive effects of organotin,cadmium,and chromium on Artemia franciscana[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2001,49(2):179-186
[36]Zulkifli S Z,Aziz F Z A,Ajis S Z M,et al.Nauplii of brine shrimp(Artemia salina)as a potential toxicity testing organism for heavy metals contamination[J].Springer Singapore,2014:233-237
[37]Rochman C M,Hentschel B T,Teh S J.Long-term sorption of metals is similar among plastic types:Implications for plastic debris in aquatic environments[J].PLo S One,2014,9(1):e85433
[38]Kim D,Chae Y,An Y.Mixture toxicity of nickel and microplastics with different functional groups on Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(21):12852-12858
[2]Law K L,Moret-Ferguson S E,Goodwin D S,et al.Distribution of surface plastic debris in the eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-year data set[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2014,48(9):4732-4738
[3]Law K L,Moret-Ferguson S,Maximenko N A,et al.Plastic accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre[J].Science,2010,329(5996):1185-1188
[4]Bergmann M,Wirzberger V,Krumpen T,et al.High quantities of microplastic in arctic deep-sea sediments from the Hausgarten Observatory[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(19):11000-11010
[5]Cincinelli A,Scopetani C,Chelazzi D,et al.Microplastic in the surface waters of the Ross Sea(Antarctica):Occurrence,distribution and characterization by FTIR[J].Chemosphere,2017,175:391-400
[6]Van Cauwenberghe L,Vanreusel A,Mees J,et al.Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,182:495-499
[7]Matsuguma Y,Takada H,Kumata H,et al.Microplastics in sediment cores from Asia and Africa as indicators of temporal trends in plastic pollution[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2017,73(2):230-239
[8]Tsang Y Y,Mak C W,Liebich C,et al.Microplastic pollution in the marine waters and sediments of Hong Kong[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1-2):20-28
[9]王彤,胡献刚,周启星.环境中微塑料的迁移分布、生物效应及分析方法的研究进展[J].科学通报,2018,63(4):385-395Wang T,Hu X,Zhou Q,et al.The research progress in migration,distribution,biological effects and analytical methods of microplastics[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2018,63(4):385-395(in Chinese)
[10]Goldstein M C,Rosenberg M,Cheng L.Increased oceanic microplastic debris enhances oviposition in an endemic pelagic insect[J].Biology Letters,2012,8(5):817-820
[11]Jabeen K,Su L,Li J,et al.Microplastics and mesoplastics in fish from coastal and fresh waters of China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,221:141-149
[12]Li J,Qu X,Su L,et al.Microplastics in mussels along the coastal waters of China[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,214:177-184
[13]Murphy F,Russell M,Ewins C,et al.The uptake of macroplasticµplastic by demersal&pelagic fish in the Northeast Atlantic around Scotland[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,122(1-2):353-359
[14]Cole M,Lindeque P,Fileman E,et al.The impact of polystyrene microplastics on feeding,function and fecundity in the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2015,49(2):1130-1137
[15]Ivleva N P,Wiesheu A C,Niessner R.Microplastic in aquatic ecosystems[J].Angewandte Chemie International Edition,2017,56:1720-1739
[16]Green D S,Boots B,O'Connor N E,et al.Microplastics affect the ecological functioning of an important biogenic habitat[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(1):68-77
[17]Lamb J B,Willis B L,Fiorenza E A,et al.Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs[J].Science,2018,359:460-462
[18]李富云,贾芳丽,涂海峰,等.海洋中微塑料的环境行为和生态影响[J].生态毒理学报,2017,12(6):11-18Li F Y,Jia F L,Tu H F,et al.Environmental behavior and ecological effects of microplastics in the ocean[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2017,12(6):11-18(in Chinese)
[19]徐擎擎,张哿,邹亚丹,等.微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用研究进展[J].生态毒理学报,2018,13(1):40-49Xu Q Q,Zhang G,Zou Y D,et al.Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants:Current status and knowledge gaps[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2018,13(1):40-49(in Chinese)
[20]Deng Y,Zhang Y,Qiao R,et al.Evidence that microplastics aggravate the toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants in mice(Mus musculus)[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,357:348-354
[21]Rios Mendoza L M,Jones P R.Characterisation of microplastics and toxic chemicals extracted from microplastic samples from the North Pacific Gyre[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,12(5):611
[22]田金,李超,宛立,等.海洋重金属污染的研究进展[J].水产科学,2009,28(7):413-418Tian J,Li C,Wan L,et al.The advances of heavy metal pollution in marine environment[J].Fisheries Science,2009,28(7):413-418(in Chinese)
[23]Zhang J,Liu C L.Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China—Weathering features,anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes[J].Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,2002,54(6):1051-1070
[24]高丰蕾,李景喜,孙承君,等.微塑料富集金属铅元素的能力与特征分析[J].分析测试学报,2017,36(8):1018-1022Gao F L,Li J X,Sun C J,et al.Analysis on ability and characteristics of microplastics to enrich metal lead[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2017,36(8):1018-1022(in Chinese)
[25]Bergami E,Pugnalini S,Vannuccini M L,et al.Long-term toxicity of surface-charged polystyrene nanoplastics to marine planktonic species Dunaliella tertiolecta and Artemia franciscana[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2017,189:159-169
[26]贺志鹏,宋金明,张乃星,等.南黄海表层海水重金属的变化特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,2008,29(5):1153-1162He Z P,Song J M,Zhang N X,et al.Vatriation characteristics and controlling factors of heavy metals in the south Yellow Sea surface seawaters[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(5):1153-1162(in Chinese)
[27]Holmes L A,Turner A,Thompson R C.Interactions between trace metals and plastic production pellets under estuarine conditions[J].Marine Chemistry,2014,167:25-32
[28]Wen B,Jin S,Chen Z,et al.Single and combined effects of microplastics and cadmium on the cadmium accumulation,antioxidant defence and innate immunity of the discus fish(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:462-471
[29]Lu K,Qiao R,An H,et al.Influence of microplastics on the accumulation and chronic toxic effects of cadmium in zebrafish(Danio rerio)[J].Chemosphere,2018,202:514-520
[30]Wang Y,Zhang D,Zhang M,et al.Effects of ingested polystyrene microplastics on brine shrimp,Artemia parthenogenetica[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,244:715-722
[31]王立军,栗俊,张玉凤,等.应用ICP-MS直接测定近岸高盐排污口水样中重金属方法研究[J].海洋环境科学,2007,26(2):172-174Wang L J,Su J,Zhang Y F,et al.Direct analysis of heavy metals in the nearshore discharged water with high salt matrix using ICP-MS[J].Marine Environmental Science,2007,26(2):172-174(in Chinese)
[32]Beiras R,Bellas J,Cachot J,et al.Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2018,360:452-460
[33]Rochman C M,Kurobe T,Flores I,et al.Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:656-661
[34]吴宗凡,刘兴国,王高学.重金属与有机磷农药二元混合物对卤虫联合毒性的评价及预测[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(4):602-608Wu Z F,Liu X G,Wang G X.Evaluating and modeling the toxicity of binary mixtures of heavy metals and organophosphate pesticides to Artemia salina[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(4):602-608(in Chinese)
[35]Hadjispyrou S,Kungolos A,Anagnostopoulos A.Toxicity,bioaccumulation,and interactive effects of organotin,cadmium,and chromium on Artemia franciscana[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2001,49(2):179-186
[36]Zulkifli S Z,Aziz F Z A,Ajis S Z M,et al.Nauplii of brine shrimp(Artemia salina)as a potential toxicity testing organism for heavy metals contamination[J].Springer Singapore,2014:233-237
[37]Rochman C M,Hentschel B T,Teh S J.Long-term sorption of metals is similar among plastic types:Implications for plastic debris in aquatic environments[J].PLo S One,2014,9(1):e85433
[38]Kim D,Chae Y,An Y.Mixture toxicity of nickel and microplastics with different functional groups on Daphnia magna[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2017,51(21):12852-12858