THz超材料的明暗模式耦合效应
|
摘要
随着人工超材料对电磁诱导透明(EIT)现象的成功模拟,超材料明暗模间的耦合机制引起了广泛关注。回顾了近年来在太赫兹(THz)波段基于人工超材料的明暗模耦合效应的相关研究进展,包括平面结构EIT效应,立体结构EIT效应,明暗模垂直耦合电磁诱导吸收(EIA)效应,以及表面波非对称激发。组成超材料的单元结构内部的模式耦合机制对超材料的远场近场响应具有决定性的作用,其不同的耦合机制在光开关、慢光器件、光传感器、片上系统等的设计方面有重大的潜在应用价值。
The coupling mechanism of bright and dark modes in metamaterials have got enormous attention after the vivid mimicking of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) with plasmonic metamaterials.The research progress based on the coupling effects of bright and dark modes over the past few years was reviewed,including the EIT by planar metamaterials,the EIT effect with stereo metamaterials,electromagnetically induced absorption(EIA) from vertically coupling of bright and dark modes and asymmetric excitation of surface wave.The inner mode-coupling mechanism in each unit cell which consisted of the metamaterial determined the far-field and near-field responses.These different coupling mechanisms had important promising value in the designing of functional devices,like optical switch,slow-light devices,sensitive optical sensor and on-chip optical system.
The coupling mechanism of bright and dark modes in metamaterials have got enormous attention after the vivid mimicking of electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) with plasmonic metamaterials.The research progress based on the coupling effects of bright and dark modes over the past few years was reviewed,including the EIT by planar metamaterials,the EIT effect with stereo metamaterials,electromagnetically induced absorption(EIA) from vertically coupling of bright and dark modes and asymmetric excitation of surface wave.The inner mode-coupling mechanism in each unit cell which consisted of the metamaterial determined the far-field and near-field responses.These different coupling mechanisms had important promising value in the designing of functional devices,like optical switch,slow-light devices,sensitive optical sensor and on-chip optical system.
引文
[1]Pendry J B.Negative refraction makes a perfect lens[J].Phys Rev Lett,2000,85(18):3966-3969.
[2]Shelby R A,Smith D R,Schultz S.Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction[J].Science,2001,292(5514):77-79.
[3]Zhang S,Fan W,Panoiu N C,et al.Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2005,95(13):137404.
[4]Fang N,Lee H,Sun C,et al.Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens[J].Science,2005,308(5721):534-537.
[5]Zhang S,Xiong Y,Bartal G,et al.Magnetized plasma for reconfigurable subdiffraction imaging[J].Phys Rev Lett,2011,106(24):243901.
[6]Pendry J B,Schurig D,Smith D R.Controlling electromagnetic fields[J].Science,2006,312(5781):1780-1782.
[7]Schurig D,Mock J J,Justice B J,et al.Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies[J].Science,2006,314(5801):977-980.
[8]Li J,Pendry J B.Hiding under the carpet:a new strategy for cloaking[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(20):203901.
[9]Ergin T,Stenger N,Brenner P,et al.Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths[J].Science,2010,328(5976):337-339.
[10]Tao H,Landy N I,Bingham C M,et al.A metamaterial absorber for the terahertz regime:design,fabrication and characterization[J].Opt Express,2008,16(10):7181-7188.
[11]Liu N,Mesch M,Weiss T,et al.Infrared perfect absorber and its application as plasmonic sensor[J].Nano Lett,2010,10(7):2342-2348.
[12]Aydin K,Ferry V E,Briggs R M,et al.Broadband polarization-independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin plasmonic super absorbers[J].Nat Commun,2011,2:517.
[13]Feng Q,Pu M,Hu C,et al.Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption[J].Opt Lett,2012,37(11):2133-2135.
[14]Argyropoulos C,Le K Q,Mattiucci N,et al.Broadband absorbers and selective emitters based on plasmonic Brewster metasurfaces[J].Phys Rev B,2013,87(20):205112.
[15]Kang M,Liu F,Li T F,et al.Polarization-independent coherent perfect absorption by a dipole-like metasurface[J].Opt Lett,2013,38(16):3086-3088.
[16]Yue W,Wang Z,Yang Y,et al.High performance infrared plasmonic metamaterial absorbers and their applications to thin-film sensing[J].Plasmonics,2016,11(6):1557-1563.
[17]Hu F,Xu N,Wang W,et al.A dynamically tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber based on an electrostatic MEMS actuator and electrical dipole resonator array[J].J Micromech Microeng,2016,26(2):025006.
[18]Zhang S,Genov D A,Wang Y,et al.Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(4):047401.
[19]Papasimakis N,Fedotov V A,Zheludev N I,et al.Metamaterial analog of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(25):253903.
[20]Tassin P,Zhang L,Koschny T,et al.Low-loss metamaterials based on classical electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,2009,102(5):053901.
[21]Liu N,Langguth L,Weiss T,et al.Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit[J].Nat Mater,2009,8(9):758-762.
[22]Yu N,Genevet P,Kats M A,et al.Light propagation with phase discontinuities:generalized laws of reflection and refraction[J].Science,2011,334(6054):333-337.
[23]Aieta F,Genevet P,Yu N,et al.Out-of-plane reflection and refraction of light by anisotropic optical antenna metasurfaces with phase discontinuities[J].Nano Lett,2012,12(3):1702-1706.
[24]Zhang X,Tian Z,Yue W,et al.Broadband terahertz wave deflection based on C-shape complex metamaterials with phase discontinuities[J].Adv Mater,2013,25(33):4567-4572.
[25]Liu L,Zhang X,Kenney M,et al.Broadband metasurfaceswith simultaneous control of phase and amplitude[J].Adv Mater,2014,26(29):5031-5036.
[26]Radko I P,Volkov V S,Beermann J.et al.Plasmonic metasurfaces for waveguiding and field enhancement[J].Laser&Photon Rev,2009,3(6):575-590.
[27]Zhao C,Zhang J.Plasmonic demultiplexer and guiding[J].ACS Nano,2010,4(11):6433-6438.
[28]Tanemura T,Balram K C,Ly-Gagnon D S,et al.Multiplewavelength focusing of surface plasmons with a nonperiodic nanoslit coupler[J].Nano Lett,2011,11(7):2693-2698.
[29]Huang L,Chen X,Bai B,et al.Helicity dependent directional surface plasmon polariton excitation using a metasurface with interfacial phase discontinuity[J].Light:Science&Application,2013,2(3):e70.
[30]Zhao C,Zhang J,Liu Y.Light manipulation with encoded plasmonic nanostructures[J].EPJ Appl Metamat,2014,1:6-12.
[31]Wintz D,Genevet P,Ambrosio A,et al.Holographic metalens for switchable focusing of surface plasmons[J].Nano Lett,2015,15(5):3585-3589.
[32]Liu J,Gao Y,Ran L,et al.Focusing surface plasmon and constructing central symmetry of focal field with linearly polarized light[J].Appl Phys Lett,2015,106(1):013116.
[33]Zou C,Withayachumnankul W,Shadrivov I V,et al.Directional excitation of surface plasmons by dielectric resonators[J].Phys Rev B,2015,91(8):085433.
[34]Zhang X,Xu Y,Yue W,et al.Anomalous surface wave launching by handedness phase control[J].Adv Mater,2015,27(44):7123-7129.
[35]Xu Q,Zhang X,Xu Y,et al.Plasmonic metalens based on coupled resonators for focusing of surface plasmons[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:37861.
[36]Zhou J,Koschny T,Soukoulis C M.Magnetic and electric excitations in split ring resonators[J].Opt Express,2007,15(26):17881-17890.
[37]Singh R,Rockstuhl C,Lederer F,et al.The impact of nearest neighbor interaction on the resonances in terahertz metamaterials[J].Appl Phys Lett,2009,94(2):021116.
[38]Chiam S Y,Singh R,Zhang W,et al.Controlling metamaterial resonances via dielectric and aspect ratio effects[J].Appl Phys Lett,2010,97(19):191906.
[39]Wu P C,Hsu W L,Chen W T,et al.Plasmon coupling in vertical split-ring resonator metamolecules[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:9726.
[40]Manjappa M,Srivastava Y K,Singh R.Lattice-induced transparency in planar metamaterials[J].Phys Rev B,2016,94(16):161103.
[41]Chen C Y,Un I W,Tai N H,et al.Asymmetric coupling between subradiant and superradiant plasmonic resonances and its enhanced sensing performance[J].Opt Express,2009,17(17):15372-15380.
[42]Ma Y,Li Z,Yang Y,et al.Plasmon-induced transparency in twisted Fano terahertz metamaterials[J].Opt Mater Express,2011,1(3):391-399.
[43]Taubert R,Hentschel M,K覿stel J,et al.Classical analog of electromagnetically induced absorption in plasmonics[J].Nano Lett,2012,12(3):1367-1371.
[44]Verslegers L,Yu Z,Ruan Z,et al.From electromagnetically induced transparency to superscattering with a single structure:a coupled-mode theory for doubly resonant structures[J].Phys Rev Lett,2012,108(8):083902.
[45]Tassin P,Zhang L,Zhao R,et al.Electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in metamaterials:the radiating two-oscillator model and its experimental confirmation[J].Phys Rev Lett,2012,109(18):187401.
[46]Qu K,Agarwal G S.Phonon-mediated electromagnetically induced absorption in hybrid opto-electromechanical systems[J].Phys Rev A,2013,87(3):031802.
[47]Liao Z,Pan B C,Shen X,et al.Multiple Fano resonances in spoof localezed surface plasmons[J].Opt Express,2014,22(13):15710-15717.
[48]Chen L,Wei Y M,Zang X F,et al.Excitation of dark multipolar plasmonic resonances at terahertz frequencies[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:22027.
[49]Zhang X,Xu Q,Li Q,et al.Asymmetric excitation of surface plasmons by dark mode coupling[J].Sci Adv,2016,2(2):e1501142.
[50]Liu X,Gu J,Singh R,et al.Electromagnetically induced transparency in terahertz plasmonic metamaterials via dual excitation pathways of the dark mode[J].Appl Phys Lett,2012,100(13):131101.
[51]Liang D,Zhang H,Gu J,et al.Plasmonic analogue of electromagneticlly induced transparency in stereo metamaterials[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2017,23(4):1-7.
[52]Zhang X,Xu N,Qu K,et al.Electromagnetically induced absorption in a three-resonator metasurface system[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:10737.
[53]Boiler K J,Imamo觧lu A,Harris S E.Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,1991,66(20):2593-2596.
[54]Gu J,Singh R,Liu X,et al.Active control of electromagnetically induced transparency analogue in terahertz metamaterials[J].Nat Commun,2012,3:1151.
[55]Wu P C,Chen W T,Yang K Y,et al.Magnetic plasmon induced transparency in three-dimensional metamolecules[J].Nanophotonics,2012,1(2):131-138.
[56]Yang Y M,Kravchenko I I,Briggs D,et al.All dielectric metasurface analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Nat Commun,2014,5:5753.
[57]Kaelberer T,Fedotov V A,Papasimakis N,et al.Toroidal dipolar response in a metamaterial[J].Science,2010,330(6010):1510-1512.
[58]Gansel J K,Thiel M,Rill M S,et al.Gold helix photonic metamaterial as broadband circular polarizer[J].Science,2009,325(5947):1513-1515.
[59]Zhang S,Park Y S,Li J,et al.Negative refractive index in chiral metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2009,102(2):023901.
[60]Barnes W L,Dereux A,Ebbesen T W.Surface plasmon subwavelength optics[J].Nature,2003,424(6950):824-830.
[61]Ebbesen T W,Genet C,Bozhevolnyi S I.Surface-plasmon circuitry[J].Phys Today,2008,61(5):44-50.
[62]Sorger V J,Oulton R F,Ma R M,et al.Toward integrated plasmonic circuits[J].MRS Bulletin,2012,37(8):728-738.
[63]Fang Y,Sun M.Nanoplasmonic waveguides:towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits[J].Light:Science&Application,2015,4(6):e294.
[64]Xu Y,Zhang X,Tian Z,et al.Mapping the near-field propagation of surface plasmons on terahertz metasurfaces[J].Appl Phys Lett,2015,107(2):021105.
[2]Shelby R A,Smith D R,Schultz S.Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction[J].Science,2001,292(5514):77-79.
[3]Zhang S,Fan W,Panoiu N C,et al.Experimental demonstration of near-infrared negative-index metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2005,95(13):137404.
[4]Fang N,Lee H,Sun C,et al.Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens[J].Science,2005,308(5721):534-537.
[5]Zhang S,Xiong Y,Bartal G,et al.Magnetized plasma for reconfigurable subdiffraction imaging[J].Phys Rev Lett,2011,106(24):243901.
[6]Pendry J B,Schurig D,Smith D R.Controlling electromagnetic fields[J].Science,2006,312(5781):1780-1782.
[7]Schurig D,Mock J J,Justice B J,et al.Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies[J].Science,2006,314(5801):977-980.
[8]Li J,Pendry J B.Hiding under the carpet:a new strategy for cloaking[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(20):203901.
[9]Ergin T,Stenger N,Brenner P,et al.Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths[J].Science,2010,328(5976):337-339.
[10]Tao H,Landy N I,Bingham C M,et al.A metamaterial absorber for the terahertz regime:design,fabrication and characterization[J].Opt Express,2008,16(10):7181-7188.
[11]Liu N,Mesch M,Weiss T,et al.Infrared perfect absorber and its application as plasmonic sensor[J].Nano Lett,2010,10(7):2342-2348.
[12]Aydin K,Ferry V E,Briggs R M,et al.Broadband polarization-independent resonant light absorption using ultrathin plasmonic super absorbers[J].Nat Commun,2011,2:517.
[13]Feng Q,Pu M,Hu C,et al.Engineering the dispersion of metamaterial surface for broadband infrared absorption[J].Opt Lett,2012,37(11):2133-2135.
[14]Argyropoulos C,Le K Q,Mattiucci N,et al.Broadband absorbers and selective emitters based on plasmonic Brewster metasurfaces[J].Phys Rev B,2013,87(20):205112.
[15]Kang M,Liu F,Li T F,et al.Polarization-independent coherent perfect absorption by a dipole-like metasurface[J].Opt Lett,2013,38(16):3086-3088.
[16]Yue W,Wang Z,Yang Y,et al.High performance infrared plasmonic metamaterial absorbers and their applications to thin-film sensing[J].Plasmonics,2016,11(6):1557-1563.
[17]Hu F,Xu N,Wang W,et al.A dynamically tunable terahertz metamaterial absorber based on an electrostatic MEMS actuator and electrical dipole resonator array[J].J Micromech Microeng,2016,26(2):025006.
[18]Zhang S,Genov D A,Wang Y,et al.Plasmon-induced transparency in metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(4):047401.
[19]Papasimakis N,Fedotov V A,Zheludev N I,et al.Metamaterial analog of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,2008,101(25):253903.
[20]Tassin P,Zhang L,Koschny T,et al.Low-loss metamaterials based on classical electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,2009,102(5):053901.
[21]Liu N,Langguth L,Weiss T,et al.Plasmonic analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency at the Drude damping limit[J].Nat Mater,2009,8(9):758-762.
[22]Yu N,Genevet P,Kats M A,et al.Light propagation with phase discontinuities:generalized laws of reflection and refraction[J].Science,2011,334(6054):333-337.
[23]Aieta F,Genevet P,Yu N,et al.Out-of-plane reflection and refraction of light by anisotropic optical antenna metasurfaces with phase discontinuities[J].Nano Lett,2012,12(3):1702-1706.
[24]Zhang X,Tian Z,Yue W,et al.Broadband terahertz wave deflection based on C-shape complex metamaterials with phase discontinuities[J].Adv Mater,2013,25(33):4567-4572.
[25]Liu L,Zhang X,Kenney M,et al.Broadband metasurfaceswith simultaneous control of phase and amplitude[J].Adv Mater,2014,26(29):5031-5036.
[26]Radko I P,Volkov V S,Beermann J.et al.Plasmonic metasurfaces for waveguiding and field enhancement[J].Laser&Photon Rev,2009,3(6):575-590.
[27]Zhao C,Zhang J.Plasmonic demultiplexer and guiding[J].ACS Nano,2010,4(11):6433-6438.
[28]Tanemura T,Balram K C,Ly-Gagnon D S,et al.Multiplewavelength focusing of surface plasmons with a nonperiodic nanoslit coupler[J].Nano Lett,2011,11(7):2693-2698.
[29]Huang L,Chen X,Bai B,et al.Helicity dependent directional surface plasmon polariton excitation using a metasurface with interfacial phase discontinuity[J].Light:Science&Application,2013,2(3):e70.
[30]Zhao C,Zhang J,Liu Y.Light manipulation with encoded plasmonic nanostructures[J].EPJ Appl Metamat,2014,1:6-12.
[31]Wintz D,Genevet P,Ambrosio A,et al.Holographic metalens for switchable focusing of surface plasmons[J].Nano Lett,2015,15(5):3585-3589.
[32]Liu J,Gao Y,Ran L,et al.Focusing surface plasmon and constructing central symmetry of focal field with linearly polarized light[J].Appl Phys Lett,2015,106(1):013116.
[33]Zou C,Withayachumnankul W,Shadrivov I V,et al.Directional excitation of surface plasmons by dielectric resonators[J].Phys Rev B,2015,91(8):085433.
[34]Zhang X,Xu Y,Yue W,et al.Anomalous surface wave launching by handedness phase control[J].Adv Mater,2015,27(44):7123-7129.
[35]Xu Q,Zhang X,Xu Y,et al.Plasmonic metalens based on coupled resonators for focusing of surface plasmons[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:37861.
[36]Zhou J,Koschny T,Soukoulis C M.Magnetic and electric excitations in split ring resonators[J].Opt Express,2007,15(26):17881-17890.
[37]Singh R,Rockstuhl C,Lederer F,et al.The impact of nearest neighbor interaction on the resonances in terahertz metamaterials[J].Appl Phys Lett,2009,94(2):021116.
[38]Chiam S Y,Singh R,Zhang W,et al.Controlling metamaterial resonances via dielectric and aspect ratio effects[J].Appl Phys Lett,2010,97(19):191906.
[39]Wu P C,Hsu W L,Chen W T,et al.Plasmon coupling in vertical split-ring resonator metamolecules[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:9726.
[40]Manjappa M,Srivastava Y K,Singh R.Lattice-induced transparency in planar metamaterials[J].Phys Rev B,2016,94(16):161103.
[41]Chen C Y,Un I W,Tai N H,et al.Asymmetric coupling between subradiant and superradiant plasmonic resonances and its enhanced sensing performance[J].Opt Express,2009,17(17):15372-15380.
[42]Ma Y,Li Z,Yang Y,et al.Plasmon-induced transparency in twisted Fano terahertz metamaterials[J].Opt Mater Express,2011,1(3):391-399.
[43]Taubert R,Hentschel M,K覿stel J,et al.Classical analog of electromagnetically induced absorption in plasmonics[J].Nano Lett,2012,12(3):1367-1371.
[44]Verslegers L,Yu Z,Ruan Z,et al.From electromagnetically induced transparency to superscattering with a single structure:a coupled-mode theory for doubly resonant structures[J].Phys Rev Lett,2012,108(8):083902.
[45]Tassin P,Zhang L,Zhao R,et al.Electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in metamaterials:the radiating two-oscillator model and its experimental confirmation[J].Phys Rev Lett,2012,109(18):187401.
[46]Qu K,Agarwal G S.Phonon-mediated electromagnetically induced absorption in hybrid opto-electromechanical systems[J].Phys Rev A,2013,87(3):031802.
[47]Liao Z,Pan B C,Shen X,et al.Multiple Fano resonances in spoof localezed surface plasmons[J].Opt Express,2014,22(13):15710-15717.
[48]Chen L,Wei Y M,Zang X F,et al.Excitation of dark multipolar plasmonic resonances at terahertz frequencies[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:22027.
[49]Zhang X,Xu Q,Li Q,et al.Asymmetric excitation of surface plasmons by dark mode coupling[J].Sci Adv,2016,2(2):e1501142.
[50]Liu X,Gu J,Singh R,et al.Electromagnetically induced transparency in terahertz plasmonic metamaterials via dual excitation pathways of the dark mode[J].Appl Phys Lett,2012,100(13):131101.
[51]Liang D,Zhang H,Gu J,et al.Plasmonic analogue of electromagneticlly induced transparency in stereo metamaterials[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2017,23(4):1-7.
[52]Zhang X,Xu N,Qu K,et al.Electromagnetically induced absorption in a three-resonator metasurface system[J].Sci Rep,2015,5:10737.
[53]Boiler K J,Imamo觧lu A,Harris S E.Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Phys Rev Lett,1991,66(20):2593-2596.
[54]Gu J,Singh R,Liu X,et al.Active control of electromagnetically induced transparency analogue in terahertz metamaterials[J].Nat Commun,2012,3:1151.
[55]Wu P C,Chen W T,Yang K Y,et al.Magnetic plasmon induced transparency in three-dimensional metamolecules[J].Nanophotonics,2012,1(2):131-138.
[56]Yang Y M,Kravchenko I I,Briggs D,et al.All dielectric metasurface analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency[J].Nat Commun,2014,5:5753.
[57]Kaelberer T,Fedotov V A,Papasimakis N,et al.Toroidal dipolar response in a metamaterial[J].Science,2010,330(6010):1510-1512.
[58]Gansel J K,Thiel M,Rill M S,et al.Gold helix photonic metamaterial as broadband circular polarizer[J].Science,2009,325(5947):1513-1515.
[59]Zhang S,Park Y S,Li J,et al.Negative refractive index in chiral metamaterials[J].Phys Rev Lett,2009,102(2):023901.
[60]Barnes W L,Dereux A,Ebbesen T W.Surface plasmon subwavelength optics[J].Nature,2003,424(6950):824-830.
[61]Ebbesen T W,Genet C,Bozhevolnyi S I.Surface-plasmon circuitry[J].Phys Today,2008,61(5):44-50.
[62]Sorger V J,Oulton R F,Ma R M,et al.Toward integrated plasmonic circuits[J].MRS Bulletin,2012,37(8):728-738.
[63]Fang Y,Sun M.Nanoplasmonic waveguides:towards applications in integrated nanophotonic circuits[J].Light:Science&Application,2015,4(6):e294.
[64]Xu Y,Zhang X,Tian Z,et al.Mapping the near-field propagation of surface plasmons on terahertz metasurfaces[J].Appl Phys Lett,2015,107(2):021105.