褐土和棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀过程及侵蚀产沙特征
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摘要
为揭示辽西低山丘陵区主要土壤类型褐土、棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀产流产沙变化规律,以期为该地区土壤侵蚀预测预报提供一定理论依据,利用人工模拟降雨系统在坡度为10°和15°、降雨强度为40,60,80 mm/h条件下分析褐土和棕壤2种土壤细沟侵蚀产沙过程,结果表明:褐土在坡度为10°和15°,径流量均随雨强的增加而增大,在坡度为15°雨强为80 mm/h降雨过程中出现最大值,而含沙量变化相反,大体呈现出随着雨强的增加而降低的特征,在坡度为15°时,3种降雨强度在降雨末期均集中在0.05 g/mL;棕壤在10°和15°径流量与含沙量变化无明显规律;2种土壤总体水沙关系表现出褐土总径流量大于棕壤,而总侵蚀量表现为小于棕壤;棕壤更易发生细沟侵蚀。
In order to reveal the variation regularity of runoff and sediment yield by rill erosion in the main soil types of cinnamon soil and brown soil sloping land in Western Liaoning, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prediction of soil erosion in this area, two soils were analyzed under the conditions with slope of 10° and 15° and rainfall intensities of 40, 60 and 80 mm/h by using artificial simulated rainfall system. The results showed that the runoff of cinnamon soil increased with the increase of rainfall intensities, and the maximum value appeared in the process of rainfall with rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h at the slope of 15°. On the contrary, the sediment content decreased with the increase of rainfall intensities. When the slope was 15°, the runoff of cinnamon soil decreased with the increase of rainfall intensities. At the end of rainfall, the three rainfall intensities were all concentrated at 0.05 g/mL; the runoff and sediment contents in brown soils at 10° and 15° had no obvious law; the relationship between the total runoff and sediment of the two soils showed that the total runoff of cinnamon soils was larger than that of brown soils, while the total erosion was smaller than the latter, indicating that brown soils were more prone to rill erosion.
In order to reveal the variation regularity of runoff and sediment yield by rill erosion in the main soil types of cinnamon soil and brown soil sloping land in Western Liaoning, and to provide a theoretical basis for the prediction of soil erosion in this area, two soils were analyzed under the conditions with slope of 10° and 15° and rainfall intensities of 40, 60 and 80 mm/h by using artificial simulated rainfall system. The results showed that the runoff of cinnamon soil increased with the increase of rainfall intensities, and the maximum value appeared in the process of rainfall with rainfall intensity of 80 mm/h at the slope of 15°. On the contrary, the sediment content decreased with the increase of rainfall intensities. When the slope was 15°, the runoff of cinnamon soil decreased with the increase of rainfall intensities. At the end of rainfall, the three rainfall intensities were all concentrated at 0.05 g/mL; the runoff and sediment contents in brown soils at 10° and 15° had no obvious law; the relationship between the total runoff and sediment of the two soils showed that the total runoff of cinnamon soils was larger than that of brown soils, while the total erosion was smaller than the latter, indicating that brown soils were more prone to rill erosion.
引文
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[2] 和继军,吕烨,宫辉力,等.细沟侵蚀特征及其产流产沙过程试验研究[J].水利学报,2013,44(4):398-405.
[3] 郑粉莉.黄土高原坡耕地的细沟侵蚀及其防治途径[J].中国科学院水土保持研究所集刊,1988(7):19-25.
[4] 覃超,何超,郑粉莉,等.黄土坡面细沟沟头溯源侵蚀的量化研究[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):160-167.
[5] 赵龙山,侯瑞,吴发启.黄土坡面细沟侵蚀研究进展与展望[J].中国水土保持,2017(9):47-51.
[6] 周佩华,豆葆璋,孙清芳,等.降雨能量的试验研究初报[J].水土保持通报,1981,1(1):51-61.
[7] 李娜,纪冰祎,任媛媛.辽西坡耕地防蚀技术研究[J].水土保持应用技术,2016(3):1-2.
[8] 李君兰,蔡强国,孙莉英,等.细沟侵蚀影响因素和临界条件研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(11):1319-1325.
[9] 朱显谟.黄土高原的水蚀主要类型及其有关因素[J].水土保持通报,1982(3):40-44.
[10] 郑粉莉,唐克丽,周佩华.坡耕地细沟侵蚀影响因素的研究[J].土壤学报,1989,26(2):109-116.
[11] 陈俊杰,孙莉英,蔡崇法,等.不同土壤坡面细沟侵蚀差异与其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2013,50(2):281-288.
[12] 郝好鑫,郭忠录,王先舟,等.降雨和径流条件下红壤坡面细沟侵蚀过程[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(8):134-140.
[13] 肖继兵,孙占祥,刘志,等.降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):159-166.
[14] 曹忠杰,蔡景平,何建明,等.辽宁省第四次土壤侵蚀遥感普查成果分析[J].水土保持应用技术,2007(5):21-22.
[15] 苏溦娜,田一梅,高波,等.人工模拟降雨装置的设计及其参数的率定[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(6):120-123.
[16] 胡慧蓉,田昆.土壤学实验指导教程[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2012.
[17] 王才,唐继业,段一贯,等.辽宁省中小河流(无资料地区)设计暴雨洪水计算方法[M].沈阳:辽宁省水文水资源勘测局,1998.
[18] 刘立权,凡胜豪,宋国献,等.辽宁省坡耕地现状与防治对策[J].中国水土保持,2015(4):15-18.
[19] 白清俊,马树升.细沟侵蚀过程中水流跌坑的发生机理探讨[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(6):62-65.
[20] 王鹏飞,郑子成,张锡洲,等.玉米季横垄坡面细沟侵蚀特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2016,53(4):869-880.
[21] 张宽地,王光谦,孙晓敏,等.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(15):182-189.
[22] 张乐涛,李占斌,王杉杉.坡面径流类型对侵蚀产沙及水沙传递关系的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(20):124-131.
[23] 夏青,何丙辉.土壤物理特性对水力侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持应用技术,2006(5):12-15.
[24] 程琴娟,蔡强国,廖义善.土壤表面特性与坡度对产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(2):9-11,15.
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