中国乡村治理政策创新扩散:地方试验与中央指导
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摘要
政策创新扩散一直是公共政策领域研究的重要议题。政策试验一直被认为是中国政策创新扩散独特的政策过程。在改革开放初期,农民自发的乡村治理政策创新通过滚雪球方式推动中央政策的认可。在新时代,自上而下中央政策导向以及中央指导下的地方试验在政策扩散中发挥了主导作用。中央通过规范和监督地方试验创新,再吸纳有价值的乡村治理创新进入国家政策中,最终实现顶层设计和地方探索良性互动、有机结合。
引文
(1)Robert L.Savage,“Diffusion Research Traditions and the Spread of Policy Innovations in a Federal System,”Publius The Journal of Federalism,vol.15,no.4(January 1985),pp.1-27.
(2)Jack L.Walker,“The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States,”American Political Science Review,vol.63,no.4(September 1969),pp.880-899.
(3)William D.Berry and Brady Baybeck,“Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition,”American Political Science Review,vol.99,no.4(November 2005),pp.505-519.
(4)Simmons,Beth A.and Zachary Elkins,“The Globalization of Liberalization:Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy,”American Political Science Review,vol.98,no.1(February 2004),pp.171-189.
(5)Virginia Gray,“Innovation in the States:A Diffusion Study,”American Political Science Review,vol.67,no.4(December 1973),pp.1174-1185.
(6)F.S.Berry and W.D.Berry,“Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research,”in P.Sabatier,ed.,Theories of the Policy Process,Boulder,CO:Westview Press,1999,pp.169-200.
(7)Ken Kollman,John H.Miller,and Scott E.Page,“Decentralization and the Search for Policy Solutions,”Journal of Law,Economics,&Organization,vol.16,no.1(April 2000),pp.102-28.
(8)Andrew Karch,“Emerging Issues and Future Directions in State Policy Diffusion Research,”State Politics&Policy Quarterly,vol.7,no.1(March 2007),pp.54-80.
(9)周望:《政策扩散理论与中国“政策试验”研究:启示与调适》,成都:《四川行政学院学报》,2012年第4期,第43~46页。
(10)王绍光:《学习机制与适应能力:中国农村合作医疗体制变迁的启示》,北京:《中国社会科学》,2008年,第6期,第111~133页。
(11)周望:《如何“先试先行”---央地互动视角下的政策试点启动机制》,北京:《北京行政学院学报》,2013年第5期,第20~24页。
(12)Sebastian Heilmann,“From Local Experiments to National Policy:The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy,”The China Journal,no.59(January 2008),pp.1-30.
(13)朱多刚、胡振吉:《中央政府推进政策扩散的方式研究》,沈阳:《东北大学学报》,2017年第4期,第378~384页。
(14)沈延生:《村政的兴衰与重建》,北京:《战略与管理》,1998年第6期,第1~34页。
(15)Charles R.Shipan and Craig Volden,“Bottom-Up Federalism:The Diffusion of Antismoking Policies From U.S.Cities to States,”American Journal of Political Science,vol.50,no.4(October 2006),pp.825-843.
(16)O’Brien Kevin,“Implementing Political Reform in China’s Villages,”Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,no.32(July 1994),pp.33-59.
(17)(19)Xu Wang,“Mutual Empowerment of State and Peasantry:Grassroots Democracy in Rural China,”World Development,vol.25,no.9(1997),pp.1431-1442.
(18)Manion,“The Electoral Connection in Chinese Countryside,”American Political Science Review,vol.90,no.4(December 1996),pp.736-748.
(20)彭真:《彭真文选(一九四一-一九九O年)》,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第431页。
(21)Mahalley D.Allen,Carrie Pettus,and Donald P.Haider-Markel,“Making the National Local:Specifying the Conditions for National Government Influence on State Policymaking,”State Politics&Policy Quarterly,vol.4,no.3(September 2004),pp.318-344.
(22)Andrew Karch,“National Intervention and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations,”American Politics Research,vol.34,no.4(July 2006),pp.403-436.
(23)邓小平:《邓小平文选(第二卷)》,北京:人民出版社,1994年,第150页;《邓小平文选(第三卷)》,北京:人民出版社,1993年,第372页。
(24)Chenggang Xu,“The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development,”Journal of Economic Literature,vol.49,no.4(December 2011),pp.1076-1151.
(25)G.Montinola,Yingyi Qian,and Berry Weingast,“Federalism,Chinese Style:The Political Basis for Economic Success in China,”World Politics,vol.48,no.1(October 1995),pp.50-81.
(26)Pamela J.Clouser McCann,Charles R.Shipan,and Craig Volden,“Top-down Federalism:State Policy Responses to National Government Discussions,”Publius:The Journal of Federalism,vol.45,no.4(October2015),pp.495-525.
(27)许雪亚:《改革试验区为深化农村全局改革探路》,北京:《农村工作通讯》,2018年第23-24期,第9~10页。
(28)《广东全面深化农村综合改革探索创造30项试点改革经验复制推广四项改革成果上升为中央政策》,广州:《南方日报》,2017年8月2日,广东省人民政府官方网站,http://www.gd.gov.cn/ywdt/szfdt/201708/t20170802_256365.htm。
(29)Sebastian Heilmann,“From Local Experiments to National Policy:The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy Process,”The China Journal,no.59(January 2008),pp.1-30.
(2)Jack L.Walker,“The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States,”American Political Science Review,vol.63,no.4(September 1969),pp.880-899.
(3)William D.Berry and Brady Baybeck,“Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition,”American Political Science Review,vol.99,no.4(November 2005),pp.505-519.
(4)Simmons,Beth A.and Zachary Elkins,“The Globalization of Liberalization:Policy Diffusion in the International Political Economy,”American Political Science Review,vol.98,no.1(February 2004),pp.171-189.
(5)Virginia Gray,“Innovation in the States:A Diffusion Study,”American Political Science Review,vol.67,no.4(December 1973),pp.1174-1185.
(6)F.S.Berry and W.D.Berry,“Innovation and Diffusion Models in Policy Research,”in P.Sabatier,ed.,Theories of the Policy Process,Boulder,CO:Westview Press,1999,pp.169-200.
(7)Ken Kollman,John H.Miller,and Scott E.Page,“Decentralization and the Search for Policy Solutions,”Journal of Law,Economics,&Organization,vol.16,no.1(April 2000),pp.102-28.
(8)Andrew Karch,“Emerging Issues and Future Directions in State Policy Diffusion Research,”State Politics&Policy Quarterly,vol.7,no.1(March 2007),pp.54-80.
(9)周望:《政策扩散理论与中国“政策试验”研究:启示与调适》,成都:《四川行政学院学报》,2012年第4期,第43~46页。
(10)王绍光:《学习机制与适应能力:中国农村合作医疗体制变迁的启示》,北京:《中国社会科学》,2008年,第6期,第111~133页。
(11)周望:《如何“先试先行”---央地互动视角下的政策试点启动机制》,北京:《北京行政学院学报》,2013年第5期,第20~24页。
(12)Sebastian Heilmann,“From Local Experiments to National Policy:The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy,”The China Journal,no.59(January 2008),pp.1-30.
(13)朱多刚、胡振吉:《中央政府推进政策扩散的方式研究》,沈阳:《东北大学学报》,2017年第4期,第378~384页。
(14)沈延生:《村政的兴衰与重建》,北京:《战略与管理》,1998年第6期,第1~34页。
(15)Charles R.Shipan and Craig Volden,“Bottom-Up Federalism:The Diffusion of Antismoking Policies From U.S.Cities to States,”American Journal of Political Science,vol.50,no.4(October 2006),pp.825-843.
(16)O’Brien Kevin,“Implementing Political Reform in China’s Villages,”Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,no.32(July 1994),pp.33-59.
(17)(19)Xu Wang,“Mutual Empowerment of State and Peasantry:Grassroots Democracy in Rural China,”World Development,vol.25,no.9(1997),pp.1431-1442.
(18)Manion,“The Electoral Connection in Chinese Countryside,”American Political Science Review,vol.90,no.4(December 1996),pp.736-748.
(20)彭真:《彭真文选(一九四一-一九九O年)》,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第431页。
(21)Mahalley D.Allen,Carrie Pettus,and Donald P.Haider-Markel,“Making the National Local:Specifying the Conditions for National Government Influence on State Policymaking,”State Politics&Policy Quarterly,vol.4,no.3(September 2004),pp.318-344.
(22)Andrew Karch,“National Intervention and the Diffusion of Policy Innovations,”American Politics Research,vol.34,no.4(July 2006),pp.403-436.
(23)邓小平:《邓小平文选(第二卷)》,北京:人民出版社,1994年,第150页;《邓小平文选(第三卷)》,北京:人民出版社,1993年,第372页。
(24)Chenggang Xu,“The Fundamental Institutions of China’s Reforms and Development,”Journal of Economic Literature,vol.49,no.4(December 2011),pp.1076-1151.
(25)G.Montinola,Yingyi Qian,and Berry Weingast,“Federalism,Chinese Style:The Political Basis for Economic Success in China,”World Politics,vol.48,no.1(October 1995),pp.50-81.
(26)Pamela J.Clouser McCann,Charles R.Shipan,and Craig Volden,“Top-down Federalism:State Policy Responses to National Government Discussions,”Publius:The Journal of Federalism,vol.45,no.4(October2015),pp.495-525.
(27)许雪亚:《改革试验区为深化农村全局改革探路》,北京:《农村工作通讯》,2018年第23-24期,第9~10页。
(28)《广东全面深化农村综合改革探索创造30项试点改革经验复制推广四项改革成果上升为中央政策》,广州:《南方日报》,2017年8月2日,广东省人民政府官方网站,http://www.gd.gov.cn/ywdt/szfdt/201708/t20170802_256365.htm。
(29)Sebastian Heilmann,“From Local Experiments to National Policy:The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy Process,”The China Journal,no.59(January 2008),pp.1-30.