千米深井采动工作面矿压显现规律及覆岩位移特征研究
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摘要
深部煤炭开采过程中,岩体受到高地应力和强开采扰动的作用,是典型的动静组合加载问题,特别是千米级深井开采中少有成熟工程可借鉴,井下衍生的一系列工程地质灾害直接影响回采安全。为探索千米深井采动工作面矿压显现规律及覆岩位移特征,以平煤十矿24130工作面为依托,构建矿压立体监测–覆岩离层位移监测体系,对采动条件下,保护层开采过程中工作面前方钻孔应力、锚杆应力与巷道顶板离层位移进行长效监测与数据分析。结果表明,深部煤岩体受开采扰动影响呈现出显著非线性力学特性,而非单一线性增减,且开采扰动不是在整个回采过程中均对矿压显现产生明显影响,而是在开采至距采面45～65 m与25 m以内2个范围内存在显著影响;在上述2个范围内推进速度增加,扰动效果显著,因而在围岩较破碎的区域适当降低推进速度至0.5m/d左右,可保证煤岩体结构完整,始终具有一定承载力;此外,釆动对巷道顶板矿压影响相较于巷道巷帮更显著,在支护设计时应该对巷道顶板加强支护;采面前方15～5 m范围为采动对覆岩位移的主要影响区域,该范围内顶板离层发育较快,且顶板离层发育速度受到工作面推进速度的影响更显著,表明该区域内适当控制开采速度在0.8～1.1 m/d时,可保证生产要求的同时更利于工作面前方顶板管理,为千米级深井的采面安全生产提供科学指导。
In the process of deep coal mining,the rock is affected by high in-situ stress and strong mining disturbance,which is a typical dynamic and static combined loading problem. However,few mature projects can be used for reference in the exploitation of thousand meters mines. A series of geological disasters derived from underground mines directly affect the mining safety. In order to explore the rock pressure behavior law and overburden displacement characteristics of mining face at thousand meters mines,a three-dimensional monitoring system of rock pressure and overburden separation displacement was established,which was based on 24130 mining face of No.10 Mine in Pingdingshan. Under mining conditions,long-term monitoring and data analysis were carried out for borehole stress,bolt stress and roof separation displacement in the process of protective layer mining. The results show that the influence of mining disturbance on deep rock presents remarkable non-linear mechanical characteristics,not single linear increase or decrease. Moreover,the mining disturbance does not have a significant impact on the rock pressure behavior in the whole mining process,but has a significant impact in the ranges of 45–65 m and within 25 m from the mining face. The disturbance effect is remarkable with the increase of mining speed in the above two ranges. Therefore,reducing the mining speed to about 0.5 m/d in the fractured area can ensure the integrity of rock structure and the surrounding rock can have certain bearing capacity. In addition,the influence of mining on roadway roof is more significant than that of roadway sides,and the roadway roof should be strengthened in support design. The main influence area of mining on overburden displacement is in the range of 15–5 m in front of mining face. In this area,roof separation displacement develops faster,and the development speed of roof separation displacement is more significantly affected by the mining speed. It shows that when the mining speed is controlled appropriately in the range from 0.8 to 1.1 m/d,the production requirements can be guaranteed and the roof management in front of the working face can be more conducive,which provides scientific guidance for the safety production of thousand meters mines.
In the process of deep coal mining,the rock is affected by high in-situ stress and strong mining disturbance,which is a typical dynamic and static combined loading problem. However,few mature projects can be used for reference in the exploitation of thousand meters mines. A series of geological disasters derived from underground mines directly affect the mining safety. In order to explore the rock pressure behavior law and overburden displacement characteristics of mining face at thousand meters mines,a three-dimensional monitoring system of rock pressure and overburden separation displacement was established,which was based on 24130 mining face of No.10 Mine in Pingdingshan. Under mining conditions,long-term monitoring and data analysis were carried out for borehole stress,bolt stress and roof separation displacement in the process of protective layer mining. The results show that the influence of mining disturbance on deep rock presents remarkable non-linear mechanical characteristics,not single linear increase or decrease. Moreover,the mining disturbance does not have a significant impact on the rock pressure behavior in the whole mining process,but has a significant impact in the ranges of 45–65 m and within 25 m from the mining face. The disturbance effect is remarkable with the increase of mining speed in the above two ranges. Therefore,reducing the mining speed to about 0.5 m/d in the fractured area can ensure the integrity of rock structure and the surrounding rock can have certain bearing capacity. In addition,the influence of mining on roadway roof is more significant than that of roadway sides,and the roadway roof should be strengthened in support design. The main influence area of mining on overburden displacement is in the range of 15–5 m in front of mining face. In this area,roof separation displacement develops faster,and the development speed of roof separation displacement is more significantly affected by the mining speed. It shows that when the mining speed is controlled appropriately in the range from 0.8 to 1.1 m/d,the production requirements can be guaranteed and the roof management in front of the working face can be more conducive,which provides scientific guidance for the safety production of thousand meters mines.
引文
[1]谢和平,周宏伟,薛东杰,等.煤炭深部开采与极限开采深度的研究与思考[J].煤炭学报,2012,37(4):535-542.(XIE Heping,ZHOUHongwei,XUE Dongjie,et al.Research and consideration on deep coal mining and critical mining depth[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2012,37(4):535-542.(in Chinese))
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[6]窦林名,何江,曹安业,等.煤矿冲击矿压动静载叠加原理及其防治[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(7):1 469-1 476.(DOU Linming,HEJiang,CAO Anye,et al.Rock burst prevention methods based on theory of dynamic and static combined load induced in coal mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(7):1 469-1 476.(in Chinese))
[7]潘俊锋,宁宇,毛德兵,等.煤矿开采冲击地压启动理论[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):586-596.(PAN Junfeng,NINGYu,MAO Debing,et al.Theory of rockburst start-up during mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):586-596.(in Chinese))
[8]姜福兴,姚顺利,魏全德,等.重复采动引发矿震的机制探讨及灾害控制[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(3):349-355.(JIANGFuxing,YAO Shunli,WEI Quande,et al.Tremor mechanism and disaster control during repeated mining[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2015,32(3):349-355.(in Chinese))
[9]任艳芳,宁宇.浅埋煤层长壁开采超前支承压力变化特征[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(增1):38-42.(REN Yanfang,NING Yu.Changing feature of advancing abutment pressure in shallow long wall working face[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(Supp.1):38-42.(in Chinese))
[10]刘金海,姜福兴,王乃国,等.深井特厚煤层综放工作面支承压力分布特征的实测研究[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(增1):18-22.(LIUJinhai,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Naiguo,et al.Survey on abutment pressure distribution of fully mechanized caving face in extrathickcoal seam of deep shaft[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(Supp.1):18-22.(in Chinese))
[11]李文璞.采动影响下煤岩力学特性及瓦斯运移规律研究[博士学位论文][D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.(LI Wenpu.Research on mechanical characteristics and gas migration law of coal influenced by mining[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014.(in Chinese))
[12]郝海金,张勇,袁宗本.大采高采场整体力学模型及采场矿压显现的影响[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2003,20(增3):21-27.(HAOHaijing,ZHANG Yong,YUAN Zongben.Integral mechanics model of large cutting height mining face and the effect of strata behavior[J].Ground Pressure and Strata Control,2003,20(Supp.3):21-27.(in Chinese))
[13]李文增,李岐,马群.采动影响下覆岩破坏动态发展过程的数值模拟[J].金属矿山,2012,(9):37-40.(LI Wenzeng,LI Qi,MA Qun.Numerical simulation of overburden rock strata fracture dynamic progressive process induce by caving[J].Metal Mine,2012,(9):37-40.(in Chinese))
[14]王金山,王忠昶.采动覆岩破坏及离层发育特征的三维数值模拟[J].煤矿开采,2011,16(6):22-26.(WANG Jinshan,WANGZhongchang.3D numerical simulation of overlying strata broken and separation induced by mining[J].Coal mining Technology,2011,16(6):22-26.(in Chinese))
[15]徐晓炼.平煤不同赋存深度采动煤岩体稳定性研究[硕士学位论文][D].成都:四川大学,2016.(XU Xiaolian.Study on stability of mining coal and rock mass with different occurrence depth[M.S.Thesis][D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2016.(in Chinese))
[16]平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司.十矿24130采煤工作面作业规程[Z].中国,2014.(Pingdingshan Tianan Coal Industry Co.,Ltd.Operating regulation of 24130 mining face in No.10 Mine[Z].China,2014.(in Chinese))
[17]张文军,张宏伟,于世功.锚杆支护巷道顶板离层监测方法探讨[J]辽宁工程技术大学学报,2002,21(4):421-424.(ZHANG Wenjun,ZHANG Hongwei,YU Shigong.Study on the monitor method of roof separation in bolter support roadway[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2002,21(4):421-424.(in Chinese))
[2]张农,李希勇,郑西贵,等.深部煤炭资源开采现状与技术挑战[C]//全国煤矿千米深井开采技术座谈会.泰安:[s.n.],2013:2-23.(ZHANG Nong,LI Xiyong,ZHENG Xigui,et al.The status of deep coal mine and technical challenges[C]//National Technology Conference of Kilometers Deep Coal Mine.Taian:[s.n.],2013:2-23.(in Chinese))
[3]何满潮,谢和平,彭苏萍,等.深部开采岩体力学研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(16):2 803-2 813.(HE Manchao,XIEHeping,PENG Suping,et al.Study on rock mechanics in deep mining engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(16):2 803-2 813.(in Chinese))
[4]周宏伟,谢和平,左建平.深部高地应力下岩石力学行为研究进展[J].力学进展,2005,35(1):91-99.(ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping,ZUO Jianping.Developments in researches on mechanical behaviors of rocks under the condition of high ground pressure in the depths[J].Advances in Mechanics,2005,35(1):91-99.(in Chinese))
[5]谢和平,高峰,鞠杨.深部岩体力学研究与探索[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2015,34(11):2 161-7 218.(XIE Heping,GAO Feng,JU Yang.Research and development of rock mechanics in deep ground engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2015,34(11):2 161-7 218.(in Chinese))
[6]窦林名,何江,曹安业,等.煤矿冲击矿压动静载叠加原理及其防治[J].煤炭学报,2015,40(7):1 469-1 476.(DOU Linming,HEJiang,CAO Anye,et al.Rock burst prevention methods based on theory of dynamic and static combined load induced in coal mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(7):1 469-1 476.(in Chinese))
[7]潘俊锋,宁宇,毛德兵,等.煤矿开采冲击地压启动理论[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(3):586-596.(PAN Junfeng,NINGYu,MAO Debing,et al.Theory of rockburst start-up during mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(3):586-596.(in Chinese))
[8]姜福兴,姚顺利,魏全德,等.重复采动引发矿震的机制探讨及灾害控制[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2015,32(3):349-355.(JIANGFuxing,YAO Shunli,WEI Quande,et al.Tremor mechanism and disaster control during repeated mining[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2015,32(3):349-355.(in Chinese))
[9]任艳芳,宁宇.浅埋煤层长壁开采超前支承压力变化特征[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(增1):38-42.(REN Yanfang,NING Yu.Changing feature of advancing abutment pressure in shallow long wall working face[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(Supp.1):38-42.(in Chinese))
[10]刘金海,姜福兴,王乃国,等.深井特厚煤层综放工作面支承压力分布特征的实测研究[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(增1):18-22.(LIUJinhai,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Naiguo,et al.Survey on abutment pressure distribution of fully mechanized caving face in extrathickcoal seam of deep shaft[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(Supp.1):18-22.(in Chinese))
[11]李文璞.采动影响下煤岩力学特性及瓦斯运移规律研究[博士学位论文][D].重庆:重庆大学,2014.(LI Wenpu.Research on mechanical characteristics and gas migration law of coal influenced by mining[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2014.(in Chinese))
[12]郝海金,张勇,袁宗本.大采高采场整体力学模型及采场矿压显现的影响[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2003,20(增3):21-27.(HAOHaijing,ZHANG Yong,YUAN Zongben.Integral mechanics model of large cutting height mining face and the effect of strata behavior[J].Ground Pressure and Strata Control,2003,20(Supp.3):21-27.(in Chinese))
[13]李文增,李岐,马群.采动影响下覆岩破坏动态发展过程的数值模拟[J].金属矿山,2012,(9):37-40.(LI Wenzeng,LI Qi,MA Qun.Numerical simulation of overburden rock strata fracture dynamic progressive process induce by caving[J].Metal Mine,2012,(9):37-40.(in Chinese))
[14]王金山,王忠昶.采动覆岩破坏及离层发育特征的三维数值模拟[J].煤矿开采,2011,16(6):22-26.(WANG Jinshan,WANGZhongchang.3D numerical simulation of overlying strata broken and separation induced by mining[J].Coal mining Technology,2011,16(6):22-26.(in Chinese))
[15]徐晓炼.平煤不同赋存深度采动煤岩体稳定性研究[硕士学位论文][D].成都:四川大学,2016.(XU Xiaolian.Study on stability of mining coal and rock mass with different occurrence depth[M.S.Thesis][D].Chengdu:Sichuan University,2016.(in Chinese))
[16]平顶山天安煤业股份有限公司.十矿24130采煤工作面作业规程[Z].中国,2014.(Pingdingshan Tianan Coal Industry Co.,Ltd.Operating regulation of 24130 mining face in No.10 Mine[Z].China,2014.(in Chinese))
[17]张文军,张宏伟,于世功.锚杆支护巷道顶板离层监测方法探讨[J]辽宁工程技术大学学报,2002,21(4):421-424.(ZHANG Wenjun,ZHANG Hongwei,YU Shigong.Study on the monitor method of roof separation in bolter support roadway[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University,2002,21(4):421-424.(in Chinese))