无产者迷思:奥威尔的阶级局限性解析
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摘要
身为一名以政治写作见长的作家,乔治·奥威尔在写作生涯中持续关注无产者这一群体,并将其作为文学作品中的重要元素。奥威尔试图深入了解无产者,并理清他们与自己的关系。在此过程中,他对无产者的认知经历了由积极到消极的转变。通过对比奥威尔在作品中对无产者刻画的前后差异,结合他与无产者交流的实际体验,并从他特殊的中产阶级出身出发,能够分析得出:由于自身阶级局限,奥威尔尝试打破阶级疆界与无产者建立纽带的努力注定以失败告终。而他在作品中对无产者迷思的构建则是这一努力失败在文学层面上的反映。
As a writer famous for political writing,George Orwell has kept up an interest in the proles throughout his writing career,making them one of the major elements in his literary works. Orwell made great efforts to understand the proles and his relationship with them. During the process,his attitude towards the proles turned from positive to negative. This paper compares the differences in Orwell's portrayal of the proles in his works,relates to his experiences with them,and analyzes the problem from the perspective of Orwell's unique class identity. Thus,it concludes that due to the limitations of his class consciousness,Orwell was doomed to failure when he tried to break the class boundary and bond with the proles. The construction of the myth of the proles in his works is a literary reflection of the failure.
As a writer famous for political writing,George Orwell has kept up an interest in the proles throughout his writing career,making them one of the major elements in his literary works. Orwell made great efforts to understand the proles and his relationship with them. During the process,his attitude towards the proles turned from positive to negative. This paper compares the differences in Orwell's portrayal of the proles in his works,relates to his experiences with them,and analyzes the problem from the perspective of Orwell's unique class identity. Thus,it concludes that due to the limitations of his class consciousness,Orwell was doomed to failure when he tried to break the class boundary and bond with the proles. The construction of the myth of the proles in his works is a literary reflection of the failure.
引文
[1]乔治·奥威尔.通往威根码头之路[M].伽禾,译.北京:人民文学出版社,2017.
[2]王小梅.从《通往维根码头之路》看奥威尔的政治观[J].外国文学,2004(1):91-95.
[3]高杨.一个马克思主义文论家的立场:以雷蒙·威廉斯对奥威尔的研究为例[J].外国文学动态研究,2018(3):5-12.
[4]乔治·奥威尔.一九八四[M].董乐山,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2006.
[5] ZEHR D M.Orwell and the Proles:Revolutionary or Middle-Class Voyeur?[J].The Centennial Review,1983,27(1):30-40.
[6]郭台辉.无产者从何而来,向何处去:马克思到西塞罗的历史倒溯[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2018(5):12-25+1.
[7]乔治·奥威尔.巴黎伦敦落魄记[M].陈超,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2017.
[8] HUNTER J.Orwell’s Prose:Discovery,Communion,Separation[J].The Sewanee Review,1979,87(3):436-454.
[9] BEADLE G B.George Orwell’s Literary Studies of Poverty in England[J].Twentieth Century Literature,1978,24(2):188-201.
[10] PEARCE R.Revisiting Orwell’s Wigan Pier[J].History,1997,82(267):410-428.
[11]陈晓律.资本主义的历史发展与大罢工的使命:1926年英国大罢工失败的启示[J].当代世界与社会主义,1997(2):40-44.
[12] GRAFF G.George Orwell and the Class Racket[J].Salmagundi,1986(70/71):108-120.
[13] DAVISON P,ed. Orwell’s England[M]. London:Penguin Books,2001.
[14] NEWSINGER J. Hope Lies in the Proles[M].London:Pluto Press,2018.
(1)奥威尔在《收容所》(The Spike)一文中以第一人称口述了自己流浪时在收容所里的所见所闻。该文于1931年4月发表于The Adelphi杂志,文中的许多内容也用在了《巴黎伦敦落魄记》的后半部分。
(2)《流动的盛宴》(A Movable Feast)是海明威撰写的一部关于他旅居巴黎岁月的回忆录。书中,作者记录了自己与包括菲兹杰拉德在内的一众“迷惘的一代”作家们在巴黎的生活经历,并提及巴黎诸多的酒吧和咖啡馆。
(3)在论述《通往威根码头之路》第一部分中存在歪曲事实的错误时,皮尔斯提供了多个例证:譬如,奥威尔在书中罗列约克郡矿工工资支票时,不仅工资数据有出入,而且支票的日期也与现实情况不符;又如,在描述失业者“抢煤”的场景时,奥威尔有意夸大了场面的规模,这与他在日记中记录的真实情形不符。
(4)在《通往威根码头之路》第十章中,奥威尔提及约克公爵开办一年一度的夏令营,让公学男孩同贫民窟男孩“平等”地融合。奥威尔形容这一举措就像“快乐之家”的动物那样,笼子里同时关着猎食者和猎物,而主人的眼睛正盯着这群架着武器保持休战状态的动物。
[2]王小梅.从《通往维根码头之路》看奥威尔的政治观[J].外国文学,2004(1):91-95.
[3]高杨.一个马克思主义文论家的立场:以雷蒙·威廉斯对奥威尔的研究为例[J].外国文学动态研究,2018(3):5-12.
[4]乔治·奥威尔.一九八四[M].董乐山,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2006.
[5] ZEHR D M.Orwell and the Proles:Revolutionary or Middle-Class Voyeur?[J].The Centennial Review,1983,27(1):30-40.
[6]郭台辉.无产者从何而来,向何处去:马克思到西塞罗的历史倒溯[J].南京大学学报(哲学·人文科学·社会科学),2018(5):12-25+1.
[7]乔治·奥威尔.巴黎伦敦落魄记[M].陈超,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2017.
[8] HUNTER J.Orwell’s Prose:Discovery,Communion,Separation[J].The Sewanee Review,1979,87(3):436-454.
[9] BEADLE G B.George Orwell’s Literary Studies of Poverty in England[J].Twentieth Century Literature,1978,24(2):188-201.
[10] PEARCE R.Revisiting Orwell’s Wigan Pier[J].History,1997,82(267):410-428.
[11]陈晓律.资本主义的历史发展与大罢工的使命:1926年英国大罢工失败的启示[J].当代世界与社会主义,1997(2):40-44.
[12] GRAFF G.George Orwell and the Class Racket[J].Salmagundi,1986(70/71):108-120.
[13] DAVISON P,ed. Orwell’s England[M]. London:Penguin Books,2001.
[14] NEWSINGER J. Hope Lies in the Proles[M].London:Pluto Press,2018.
(1)奥威尔在《收容所》(The Spike)一文中以第一人称口述了自己流浪时在收容所里的所见所闻。该文于1931年4月发表于The Adelphi杂志,文中的许多内容也用在了《巴黎伦敦落魄记》的后半部分。
(2)《流动的盛宴》(A Movable Feast)是海明威撰写的一部关于他旅居巴黎岁月的回忆录。书中,作者记录了自己与包括菲兹杰拉德在内的一众“迷惘的一代”作家们在巴黎的生活经历,并提及巴黎诸多的酒吧和咖啡馆。
(3)在论述《通往威根码头之路》第一部分中存在歪曲事实的错误时,皮尔斯提供了多个例证:譬如,奥威尔在书中罗列约克郡矿工工资支票时,不仅工资数据有出入,而且支票的日期也与现实情况不符;又如,在描述失业者“抢煤”的场景时,奥威尔有意夸大了场面的规模,这与他在日记中记录的真实情形不符。
(4)在《通往威根码头之路》第十章中,奥威尔提及约克公爵开办一年一度的夏令营,让公学男孩同贫民窟男孩“平等”地融合。奥威尔形容这一举措就像“快乐之家”的动物那样,笼子里同时关着猎食者和猎物,而主人的眼睛正盯着这群架着武器保持休战状态的动物。
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