黄土高原农地草地林地土壤团聚体稳定性沿降水梯度的变化特征
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摘要
团聚体稳定性是表征土壤结构稳定性的重要指标,与坡面水文过程及侵蚀过程密切相关,为探明黄土高原团聚体稳定性(aggregatestability,MWD)沿降水梯度的变化特征及其影响因素。该论文在黄土高原沿降水梯度布设了7个采样点,测定每个采样点农地、草地和林地的MWD。结果表明,农地MWD沿降水梯度自南向北呈逐渐减小趋势;草地和林地MWD变化趋势比较相似且无显著差异(P=0.233),最南端宜君的MWD小于稍北富县的MWD,之后向北大体呈减小趋势。农地、草地和林地MWD空间变化特征除受土壤有机质、年均降水量和年均气温的影响以外,农地的MWD与土壤机械组成存在显著相关关系(P<0.05),而草地和林地的MWD与根系质量密度存在显著相关关系(P=0.037)。非线性回归表明,农地MWD可以用土壤中值粒径和年均降水量模拟,而草地和林地MWD可用土壤有机质、根系质量密度和年均温模拟。研究成果对于理解黄土高原土壤团聚体稳定性空间变异及其影响因素、分析水文及侵蚀过程的区域变化规律具有理论意义。
Aggregate stability(MWD) is an important indicator of soil structure stability,and closely correlated to the processes of slope hydrology and soil erosion.Up to date,few studies are conducted to investigate the variation of MWD and influencing factors on the regional scale.In order to study the variation characteristics of MWD and influencing factors in the Loess Plateau,a 508 km long transect including seven sampling sites along the precipitation gradient was laid out in this study.The MWD of cropland,grassland and woodland on each sampling site were measured,in the meantime soil mechanical composition,bulk density,soil organic matter,root mass density and vegetation coverage of each sampling site were also measured.The results indicated that there existed significant(P<0.05) difference between the MWD of cropland and the MWD of grassland and woodland.Cropland had the largest mean MWD,followed by woodland;the cropland had the lowest mean MWD.The ratios of the mean MWD of grassland and woodland to the mean MWD of cropland were 2.94 and 2.39,respectively.The reason why the mean MWD of cropland was lowest could be explained by the fact that the lower soil organic matter and root mass density of cropland,and the disturbance of MWD induced by the frequent tillage operations.The MWD of cropland showed a decreasing trend from south to north along the precipitation gradient.The changing trends of the MWD of grassland and woodland were similar,which could be attributed to the similarity of the near surface characteristics(such as non-disturbance,high plant residue return) of grassland and woodland.The MWD of the Yijun was slightly lower than the MWD of Fuxian,and then the MWD of sampling sites showed a generally decreasing trend from Fuxian to Erdos.The MWD of cropland,and grassland and woodland were all influenced by soil organic matter,annual average precipitation and annual average temperature.In addition,there existed a significant(P<0.05) relationship between the MWD of cropland and soil mechanical composition,however the MWD of grassland and woodland were closely related to root mass density.The poor relationship between the MWD of cropland and root mass density were attributed to its low root mass density and frequent tillage operation.The fact that grassland and woodland had high soil organic matter and root mass density which masked the influence of soil mechanical composition well explained that no significant(P>0.05) relationship was found between the MWD of grassland and woodland and soil mechanical composition.The annual average precipitation and annual average temperature influenced the MWD of cropland,grassland and woodland by affecting root mass density and soil organic matter.No-linear regression demonstrated the MWD of cropland could be satisfactorily simulated by median soil grain size and annual average precipitation with the coefficients of determination(R2) of 0.95 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.99.The MWD of grassland and woodland could be simulated by soil organic matter,root mass density and annual average temperature.The simulated result of grassland and woodland was not as good as that of the cropland with the coefficients of determination(R2) of 0.64 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.64,which under-predicted low measured MWD and over-predicted high measured MWD.The results of this study will be of great significance in understanding the spatial variation of aggregate stability(MWD) along the precipitation gradient and its influencing factors,and analyzing the regional change law of hydrological and erosional processes.
Aggregate stability(MWD) is an important indicator of soil structure stability,and closely correlated to the processes of slope hydrology and soil erosion.Up to date,few studies are conducted to investigate the variation of MWD and influencing factors on the regional scale.In order to study the variation characteristics of MWD and influencing factors in the Loess Plateau,a 508 km long transect including seven sampling sites along the precipitation gradient was laid out in this study.The MWD of cropland,grassland and woodland on each sampling site were measured,in the meantime soil mechanical composition,bulk density,soil organic matter,root mass density and vegetation coverage of each sampling site were also measured.The results indicated that there existed significant(P<0.05) difference between the MWD of cropland and the MWD of grassland and woodland.Cropland had the largest mean MWD,followed by woodland;the cropland had the lowest mean MWD.The ratios of the mean MWD of grassland and woodland to the mean MWD of cropland were 2.94 and 2.39,respectively.The reason why the mean MWD of cropland was lowest could be explained by the fact that the lower soil organic matter and root mass density of cropland,and the disturbance of MWD induced by the frequent tillage operations.The MWD of cropland showed a decreasing trend from south to north along the precipitation gradient.The changing trends of the MWD of grassland and woodland were similar,which could be attributed to the similarity of the near surface characteristics(such as non-disturbance,high plant residue return) of grassland and woodland.The MWD of the Yijun was slightly lower than the MWD of Fuxian,and then the MWD of sampling sites showed a generally decreasing trend from Fuxian to Erdos.The MWD of cropland,and grassland and woodland were all influenced by soil organic matter,annual average precipitation and annual average temperature.In addition,there existed a significant(P<0.05) relationship between the MWD of cropland and soil mechanical composition,however the MWD of grassland and woodland were closely related to root mass density.The poor relationship between the MWD of cropland and root mass density were attributed to its low root mass density and frequent tillage operation.The fact that grassland and woodland had high soil organic matter and root mass density which masked the influence of soil mechanical composition well explained that no significant(P>0.05) relationship was found between the MWD of grassland and woodland and soil mechanical composition.The annual average precipitation and annual average temperature influenced the MWD of cropland,grassland and woodland by affecting root mass density and soil organic matter.No-linear regression demonstrated the MWD of cropland could be satisfactorily simulated by median soil grain size and annual average precipitation with the coefficients of determination(R2) of 0.95 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.99.The MWD of grassland and woodland could be simulated by soil organic matter,root mass density and annual average temperature.The simulated result of grassland and woodland was not as good as that of the cropland with the coefficients of determination(R2) of 0.64 and the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.64,which under-predicted low measured MWD and over-predicted high measured MWD.The results of this study will be of great significance in understanding the spatial variation of aggregate stability(MWD) along the precipitation gradient and its influencing factors,and analyzing the regional change law of hydrological and erosional processes.
引文
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[2]卢金伟,李占斌.土壤团聚体研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):81-85.Lu Jinwei,Li Zhanbin.Advance in soil aggregate study[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(1):81-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]郑子成,李廷轩,张锡洲,等.不同土地利用方式下土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(5):228-231.Zheng Zicheng,Li Tingxuan,Zhang Xizhou,et al.Study on the composition and stability of soil aggregates under different land use[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(5):228-231.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]刘雷,安韶山,黄华伟.应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(20):6670-6680.Liu Lei,An Shaoshan,Huang Huawei.Application of Le Bissonnais method to study soil aggregate stability under different vegetation on the loess plateau[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2013,33(20),6670-6680.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]李鉴霖,江长胜,郝庆菊.土地利用方式对缙云山土壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4695-4704.Li Jianlin,Jiang Changsheng,Hao Qingju.Impact of land use type on stability and organic carbon of soil aggregates in Junyun Mountain[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12),4695-4704.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]蒲玉琳,林超文,谢德体,等.植物篱-农作坡地土壤团聚体组成和稳定性特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):122-128.Pu Yulin,Lin Chaowen,Xie Deti,et al.Composition and stability of soil aggregates in hedgerow-crop slope land[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):122-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]Amézketa E.Soil aggregate stability:A review[J].Journal of Sustainable Agriculture,1999,14(2-3):83-151.
[8]孙龙,张光辉,王兵,等.黄土高原不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤侵蚀阻力[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):191-197.Sun Long,Zhang Guanghui,Wang Bing,et al.Soil erosion resistance of black locust land with different ages of returning farmland on Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(10):191-197.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Vannoppen W,Vanmaercke M,De Baets S,et al.A review of the mechanical effects of plant roots on concentrated flow erosion rates[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150(11):666-678.
[10]Austin A T.Differential effects of precipitation on production and decomposition along a rainfall gradient in Hawaii[J].Ecology,2002,83(2):328-338.
[11]Feral C J W,Epstein H E,Otter L,et al.Carbon and nitrogen in the soil-plant system along rainfall and land-use gradients in southern Africa[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,54(2):327-343.
[12]Liu Z P,Shao M A,Wang Y Q.Effect of environmental factors on regional soil organic carbon stocks across the Loess Plateau region,China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2011,142(3):184-194.
[13]Schenk H J,Jackson R B.The global biogeography of roots[J].Ecological Monographs,2002,72(3):311-328.
[14]Geng R,Zhang G H,Li Z W,et al.Spatial variation in soil resistance to flowing water erosion along a regional transect in the Loess Plateau[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2016.40(15):2049-2058.
[15]贾小旭,邵明安,魏孝荣,等.黄土高原北部草地表层土壤水分状态空间模拟[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):38-44.Jia Xiaoxu,Shao Mingan,Wei Xiaorong,et al.Sate-space simulation of soil surface water content in grassland of northern Loess Plateau[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2010,26(10):38-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Zhang G H,Tang K M,Zhang X C.Temporal variation in soil detachment under different land uses in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,34(9):1302-1309.
[17]党亚爱,李世清,王国栋,等.黄土高原典型土壤剖面土壤颗粒组成分形特征[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(9):74-78.Dang Yaai,Li Shiqing,Wang Guodong,et al.Fractal characteristics of soil particle composition for typical types of soil profile on Loess Platea[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(9):74-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Chang R Y,Jin T T,LüY H,et al.Soil carbon and nitrogen changes following afforestation of marginal cropland across a precipitation gradient in Loess Plateau of China[J].Plos One,2014,9(1):e85426.
[19]张向茹,马露莎,陈亚南,等.黄土高原不同纬度下刺槐林土壤生态化学计量学特征研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(4):818-825.Zhang Xiangru,Ma Lusha,Chen Yanan,et al.Ecological stoichiometry characteristics of Robinia pseudoacacia forest soil in different latitudes of Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):818-825.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]王力,邵明安,李裕元,陕北黄土高原人工刺槐林生长与土壤干化的关系研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(1):84-91.Wang Li,Shao Mingan,Li Yuyuan.Study on relationship between growth of artificial Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of Northern Shannxi Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004,40(1):84-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Li Z W,Zhang G H,Geng R,et al.Rill erodibility as influenced by soil and land use in a small watershed of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Biosystems Engineering,2015,129(1):248-257.
[22]Wang H,Zhang G H,Li N N,et al.Soil erodibility influenced by natural restoration time of abandoned farmland on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,2018,325(1):18-27.
[23]Chenu C,Bissonnais Y L,Arrouays D.Organic matter influence on clay wettability and soil aggregate stability[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2000,64(4):1479-1486.
[24]Wang B,Zhang G H,Shi Y Y,et al.Effect of natural restoration time of abandoned farmland on soil detachment by overland flow in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2013,38(14):1725-1734.
[25]陈山,杨峰,林杉,等.土地利用方式对红壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):211-216.Chen Shan,Yang Feng,Lin Shan,et al.Impact of land use patterns on stability of soil aggregates in red soil region of south China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(5):211-216.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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