ENSO多样性研究进展
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摘要
El Ni■o是热带中东太平洋异常偏暖的现象,发展过程具有显著的季节锁相特征。近年来,新形态事件更频繁发生引起了科学界广泛关注。学者们根据空间分布形态或爆发时间将ENSO事件分为两类,虽然选取标准不同,分类结果却有诸多相似点:中太平洋(Dateline、Modoki、CP、WP及SU型)El Ni■o事件发展至成熟时,正SSTA中心位于赤道太平洋中部;东太平洋(传统、EP、CT及SP型)El Ni■o发展至成熟时,正SSTA中心位于赤道东太平洋,低层西风异常更强,向东传输的距离也更远。研究结果显示,东太平洋El Ni■o比中太平洋El Ni■o持续时间更长,强度也更强;两类事件对全球气候的影响模态有很大的差异。近几十年,中太平洋El Ni■o出现频率有所增加,但其原因尚未清楚。关于两类事件生成发展和位相转换的动力原因,目前科学界普遍认为东太平洋El Ni■o是一个海盆尺度的海气耦合过程,其生消过程与温跃层的变化有紧密联系,但对中太平洋El Ni■o的动力机制尚未有统一的认识。
El Ni■o usually means a significant warming of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and it is phase-locked to the seasonal cycle. In recent years, more occurrences of a new type of ENSO have caused widespread concern. The warm episodes have been classified into two types according to the special structure or the onset time of El Ni■o events. The classifications have a lot of similar characteristics despite the different standards. On the mature phase of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event, a positive SSTA center is located in the eastern tropical Pacific, surface westerly anomalies are strong and cover a large part of the tropical Pacific. On the mature phase of the central Pacific El Ni■o event, a positive SSTA center confines in the central Pacific. The intensity of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event is stronger than that of the central Pacific El Ni■o and the duration of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event is longer than that of the central Pacific El Ni■o. These two types of ENSO events exert quite different influences on the global climate. The frequency of the central Pacific El Ni■o event has increased in recent decades, but the reason for this is not clear yet. As to the mechanisms of the generation, development and phase transition of the two types of ENSO events, a relatively unified understanding of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o is reached. It is generally believed that this type of ENSO appears to be a basin-wide coupling phenomenon between the ocean and the atmosphere and shows a strong teleconnection with thermocline variations. However, the mechanism of central Pacific El Ni■o is quite uncertain.
El Ni■o usually means a significant warming of the ocean surface in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, and it is phase-locked to the seasonal cycle. In recent years, more occurrences of a new type of ENSO have caused widespread concern. The warm episodes have been classified into two types according to the special structure or the onset time of El Ni■o events. The classifications have a lot of similar characteristics despite the different standards. On the mature phase of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event, a positive SSTA center is located in the eastern tropical Pacific, surface westerly anomalies are strong and cover a large part of the tropical Pacific. On the mature phase of the central Pacific El Ni■o event, a positive SSTA center confines in the central Pacific. The intensity of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event is stronger than that of the central Pacific El Ni■o and the duration of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o event is longer than that of the central Pacific El Ni■o. These two types of ENSO events exert quite different influences on the global climate. The frequency of the central Pacific El Ni■o event has increased in recent decades, but the reason for this is not clear yet. As to the mechanisms of the generation, development and phase transition of the two types of ENSO events, a relatively unified understanding of the eastern Pacific El Ni■o is reached. It is generally believed that this type of ENSO appears to be a basin-wide coupling phenomenon between the ocean and the atmosphere and shows a strong teleconnection with thermocline variations. However, the mechanism of central Pacific El Ni■o is quite uncertain.
引文
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[2] RASMUSSON E M, CARPENTER T H. Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Nio[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1982, 110(5):354-384.
[3] PHILANDER S G. El Nio, La Nia, and the Southern Oscillation[M]. San Diego:Academic Press, 1990:35-38.
[4]符淙斌,弗莱彻J.“埃尔尼诺”(El Nio)时期赤道增暖的两种类型[J].科学通报, 1985, 30(8):596-599.
[5] RASMUSSON E M, WALLACE J M. Meteorological aspects of the El Nio/southern oscillation[J]. Science, 1983, 222(4 629):1 195-1 202.
[6] FU C, DIAZ H F, FLETCHER J O. Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1986, 114(9):1 716-1 739.
[7] WANG B. Interdecadal changes in El Nio onset in the last four decades[J]. J Clim, 1995, 8(2):267-285.
[8] TRENBERTH K E, STEPANIAK D P. Indices of El Nio evolution[J]. J Clim, 2001, 14(8):1 697-1 701.
[9]唐佑民,刘书华.两类E1 Nio事件太平洋海温异常时空结构的分析[J].热带气象学报, 1994, 10(2):130-139.
[10]王世平.埃尔尼诺事件的判据、分类和特征[J].海洋学报(中文版), 1991, 13(5):611-620.
[11] WANG B, AN S. A mechanism for decadal changes of ENSO behavior:Roles of background wind changes[J]. Clim Dyn, 2002, 18(6):475-486.
[12] TRENBERTH K E, STEPANIAK D P, CARON J M. Interannual variations in the atmospheric heat budget[J]. J Geophys Res, 2002, 107(D8):AAC 4-1-AAC 4-15.
[13] WANG C, FIEDLER P C. ENSO variability and the eastern tropical Pacific:A review[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2006, 69(2):239-266.
[14] WEARE B C, NAVATO A R, NEWELL R E. Empirical orthogonal analysis of Pacific sea surface temperatures[J]. J Phys Ocean, 1976, 6(5):671-678.
[15] MEYERS S D, O’BRIEN J J, THELIN E. Reconstruction of monthly SST in the Tropical Pacific Ocean during 1868-1993 using adaptive climate basis functions[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1999, 127(7):1 599-1 612.
[16] MCPHADEN M J. Evolution of the 2002/03 El Nio[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 2004, 85(5):677-695.
[17] LARKIN N K, HARRISON D E. Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Nio autumn and winter[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2005, 32:L16705, doi:10.1029/2005GL022860.
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[19] DONGUY J R, DESSIER A. El Nio-like events observed in the tropical Pacific[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 1983, 111(10):2 136-2 139.
[20] MEYERS G, MCINTOSH P, PIGOT L, et al. The years of El Nio, La Nia, and interactions with the tropical Indian Ocean[J]. J Clim, 2007,20(13):2 872-2 880.
[21] ASHOK K, BEHERA S K, RAO S A, et al. El Nio Modoki and its possible teleconnection[J]. J Geophys Res:Oceans, 2007, 112:C11007,doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
[22] YU J Y, KAO H Y. Decadal changes of ENSO persistence barrier in SST and ocean heat content indices:1958-2001[J]. J Geophys Res:Atmospheres, 2007, 112:D13106, doi:10.1029/2006JD007654.
[23] KAO H Y, YU J Y. Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO[J]. J Clim, 2009, 22(3):615-632.
[24] KUG J S, JIN F F, AN S I. Two types of El Nio events:cold tongue El Nio and warm pool El Nio[J]. J Clim, 2009, 22(6):1 499-1 515.
[25] NEELIN J D, JIN F F, SYU H H. Variations in ENSO phase locking[J]. J Clim, 2000, 13(14):2 570-2 590.
[26] XU J, CHAN J C L. The role of the Asian-Australian monsoon system in the onset time of El Nio events[J]. J Clim, 2001, 14(3):418-433.
[27] HORII T, HANAWA K. A relationship between timing of El Nio onset and subsequent evolution[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2004, 31:L06304,doi:10.1029/2003GL019239.
[28] CHAN J C L, XU J. Physical mechanisms responsible for the transition from a warm to a cold state of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation[J]. J Clim, 2000, 13(12):2 056-2 071.
[29] SOORAJ K P, KUG J S, LI T, et al. Impact of El Nio onset timing on the Indian Ocean:Pacific coupling and subsequent El Nio evolution[J]. Theor Appl Climatol, 2009, 97(1-2):17-27.
[30] CAI J, XU J, GUAN Z, et al. Interdecadal variability of El Nio onset and its impact on monsoon systems over areas encircling the Pacific Ocean[J]. Clim Dyn, 2016, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3377-z.
[31] CHANG S, SHAO M, SHI C, et al. Intercomparing the response of tropospheric and stratospheric temperature to two types of El Nio onset[J]. Advances in Meteorology, 2017(2):1-8.
[32] CAPOTONDI A, WITTENBERG A T, NEWMAN M, et al. Understanding ENSO diversity[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 2015, 96(6):921-938.
[33] LEE T, MCPHADEN M J. Increasing intensity of El Nio in the central-equatorial Pacific[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2010, 37:L14603,doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
[34] LI G, REN B, YANG C, et al. Indices of El Nio and El Nio Modoki:An improved El Nio Modoki index[J]. Adv Atmos Sci, 2010, 27(5):1 210-1 220.
[35]汪婉婷,管兆勇.夏季厄尔尼诺-Modoki和东部型ENSO海表温度异常分布型特征及其与海洋性大陆区域气候异常的联系[J].气象学报, 2018, 76(1):1-14.
[36] YU J Y, ZOU Y, KIM S T, et al. The changing impact of El Nio on US winter temperatures[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2012, 39:L15702,doi:10.1029/2012GL052483.
[37]王美,管兆勇,皮冬勤.冬季赤道太平洋不同类型海温异常表征指数的再构建[J].大气科学学报, 2016, 39(4):455-467.
[38] WANG M, GUAN Z, JIN D. Two new sea surface temperature anomalies indices for capturing the eastern and central equatorial Pacific type El Nio-Southern Oscillation events during boreal summer[J]. Int J Climatol, 2018, 38(11):4 066-4 076.
[39]曹璐,孙丞虎,任福民,等.一种综合监测两类不同分布类型ENSO事件指标的研究[J].热带气象学报, 2013, 29(1):66-74.
[40] YEH S W, KUG J S, DEWITTE B, et al. El Nio in a changing climate[J]. Nature, 2009, 461(7 263):511-514.
[41] REN H L, JIN F F. Nio indices for two types of ENSO[J]. Geophys Res Lett, 2011, 38:L04704, doi:10.1029/2010GL046031.
[42] TAKAHASHI K, MONTECINOS A, GOUBANOVA K, et al. ENSO regimes:Reinterpreting the canonical and Modoki El Nio[J].Geophys Res Lett, 2011, 38:L10704, doi:10.1029/2011GL047364.
[43] YU J Y, KAO H Y, LEE T, et al. Subsurface ocean temperature indices for Central-Pacific and Eastern-Pacific types of El Nio and La Nia events[J]. Theoretical and applied climatology, 2011, 103(3-4):337-344.
[44] XU K, ZHU C W, HE J H. Linkage between the dominant modes in Pacific subsurface ocean temperature and the two type ENSO events[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(26):3 491-3 496.
[45] SINGH A, DELCROIX T, CRAVATTE S. Contrasting the flavors of El Nio-Southern Oscillation using sea surface salinity observations[J]. J Geophys Res:Oceans, 2011, 116:C06016, doi:10.1029/2010JC006862.
[46] QU T, YU J Y. ENSO indices from sea surface salinity observed by Aquarius and Argo[J]. Journal of Oceanography, 2014, 70(4):367-375.
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