大洋核杂岩与拆离断层研究进展
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摘要
大洋核杂岩和拆离断层是洋中脊中发育的重要构造,被广泛关注。拆离断层一般为长期活动的,低角度的,大断距的正断层,绝大多数形成于慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的内侧角上,其将地壳深部和上地幔的物质拆离到海底面形成大洋核杂岩。大洋核杂岩因其表面发育了窗棱构造,在多波束图像上更容易识别。大洋核杂岩所处的地壳年龄较年轻,为0~10Ma。洋中脊半扩张速率约为10mm/a,具有不对称扩张的特点,有拆离断层的一侧扩张速率更快。在大洋核杂岩取得的岩芯中代表性岩石为辉长岩,地震资料解释认为大洋核杂岩下具有一个大的辉长岩侵入体。发育大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的区域有升高的布格重力异常,高的P波速度和抬升的莫霍面。拆离断层起源于岩浆供给不足的区域,大多在大洋中脊洋脊段(segment)的末端,其演化会受到上地幔辉长岩体侵入的影响,通过旋转铰链的模式进行。总结了全球大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的分布情况,讨论了其岩石特征、地球物理场特征,探讨其成因机制和演化模式,并探讨了未来的研究方向。
Oceanic core complexes and detachment faults are important structures on mid-ocean ridges(MORs)and increasingly become a hot in recent decades.Oceanic core complexes have been widely identified from the multibeam bathymetry images due to their megmullion structure.Detachment faults are commonly long-lived low angle normal faults,and mostly occur at the inside corner of the slow or ultra-slow spreading ridges with dominant half-spreading rates of 0~10mm.The detachment faults,with age range from 0 Ma to 10 Ma,are associated with asymmetric spreading,representing the spreading is faster and the detachment faults are active.Drilled cores obtained below the domes of oceanic core complexes indicate a giant gabbros incursion.Detachment faults are characterized by elevator residual Bouguer gravity anomaly,high P-wave velocity and uplifted Moho.It has been widely accepted that they would develop at the time when magma supply was limited,and would be controlled by the rolling-hinge model.In this paper,we systematically presented some aspects of oceanic core complexes and detachment faults,including their morphology,global distribution,lithology signatures,geophysical structure,evolutionary mechanism.Finally,we put forward some prospects on the research of oceanic core complexes and detachment faults in Chinese deep-sea geology and their research in the future.
Oceanic core complexes and detachment faults are important structures on mid-ocean ridges(MORs)and increasingly become a hot in recent decades.Oceanic core complexes have been widely identified from the multibeam bathymetry images due to their megmullion structure.Detachment faults are commonly long-lived low angle normal faults,and mostly occur at the inside corner of the slow or ultra-slow spreading ridges with dominant half-spreading rates of 0~10mm.The detachment faults,with age range from 0 Ma to 10 Ma,are associated with asymmetric spreading,representing the spreading is faster and the detachment faults are active.Drilled cores obtained below the domes of oceanic core complexes indicate a giant gabbros incursion.Detachment faults are characterized by elevator residual Bouguer gravity anomaly,high P-wave velocity and uplifted Moho.It has been widely accepted that they would develop at the time when magma supply was limited,and would be controlled by the rolling-hinge model.In this paper,we systematically presented some aspects of oceanic core complexes and detachment faults,including their morphology,global distribution,lithology signatures,geophysical structure,evolutionary mechanism.Finally,we put forward some prospects on the research of oceanic core complexes and detachment faults in Chinese deep-sea geology and their research in the future.
引文
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[2]ESCARTIN J,SMITH D K,CANN J,et al.Central role of detachment faults in accretion of slow-spreading oceanic lithosphere[J].Nature,2008,455(7214):790-794.
[3]OLIVE J A,BEHN M D,TUCHOLKE B E.The structure of oceanic core complexes controlled by the depth-distribution of magma emplacement[J].Nature Geoscience,2010,3(7):491-495.
[4]CHEADLE M J,GRIMES C B.To fault or not to fault[J].Nature Geoscience,2010,3(7):454-456.
[5]TUCHOLKE B E,LIN J,KLEINROCK M C.Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanicmetamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B5):9857-9866.
[6]BUCK W R.Flexural rotation of normal faults[J].Tectonics,1988,7(5):959-973.
[7]LI S Z,LV H Q,HOU F H,et al.Oceanic Core Complex[J].Marinegeology&Quaternarygeology,26(1):47-52.李三忠,吕海青,侯方辉,等.大洋核杂岩[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(1):47-52.
[8]CANN J R,SMITH D K,MCALLISTER E,et al.Corrugated slip surfaces formed at North Atlantic ridge-transform intersections on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge[J].Nature,1997,385(23):329-332.
[9]BICKLE M,ARCULUS R,BARRETT P,et al.Illuminating Earth′s past,present,and future[J].The Science Plan for the International Ocean Discovery Program 2013-2023.2011:42-43.
[10]OKINO K,MATSUDA K,CHRISTIE D M,et al.Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the AustralianAntarctic Discordance[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2004,5(12):1-22.
[11]TUCHOLKE B E,LIN J.A geological model for the structure of ridge segments in slow spreading ocean crust[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),1994,99(86):11931-11958.
[12]BLACKMAN D K,CANN J R,JANSSEN B,et al.Origin of extensional core complexes:Evidence from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at Atlantis Fracture Zone[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B9):21315-21333.
[13]FUJIWARA T,LIN J,MATSUMOTO T,et al.Crustal evolution of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the fifteen-twenty fracture zone in the last 5Ma[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2003,4(3):1-25.
[14]RANERO C R,RESTON T J.Detachment faulting at ocean core complexes[J].Geology,1999,27(11):983-986.
[15]TUCHOLKE B E,J LIN,KLEINROCK M C,et al.Segmentation and crustal structure of the western Mid-Atlantic Ridge flank,25°25′-27°10′N and 0-29m.y.[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(B5):10203-10223.
[16]BLACKMAN D K,CANALES J P,HARDING A.Geophysical signatures of oceanic core complexes[J].Geophysical Journal International,2009,178(2):593-613.
[17]JOHN B E,CHEADLE M J.Deformation and alteration associated with oceanic and continental detachment fault systems:Are they similar?[J].Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges,2010:175-205.
[18]CANALES J P,TUCHOLKE B E,COLLINS J A.Seismic reflection imaging of an oceanic detachment fault:Atlantis megamullion(Mid-Atlantic Ridge,30°10′N)[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,222(2):543-560.
[19]MACLEOD C J,SEARLE R C,MURTON B J,et al.Life cycle of oceanic core complexes[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,287(3):333-344.
[20]MACLEOD C J,CARLUT J,ESCARTIN J,et al.Quantitative constraint on footwall rotations at the 15°45′N oceanic core complex,Mid-Atlantic Ridge:Implications for oceanic detachment fault processes[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2011,12(5):1-29.
[21]MORRIS A,GEE J S,PRESSLING N,et al.Footwall rotation in an oceanic core complex quantified using reoriented Integrated Ocean Drilling Program core samples[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,287(1):217-228.
[22]SMITH D K,CANN J R,ESCARTIN J.Widespread active detachment faulting and core complex formation near 13°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridg[J].Nature,2006,442(7101):440-443.
[23]SMITH D K,ESCARTIN J,SCHOUTEN H,et al.Fault rotation and core complex formation:Significant processes in seafloor formation at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges(Mid-Atlantic Ridge,13°-15°N)[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2008,9(3):1-23.
[24]DICK H J B,TIVEY M A,TUCHOLKE B E.Plutonic foundation of a slow-spreading ridge segment:Oceanic core complex at Kane megamullion,23°30′N,45°20′W[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2008,9(5):1-44.
[25]BLACKMAN D K,KARSON J A,KELLEY D S,et al.Geology of the Atlantis Massif(Mid-Atlantic Ridge,30°N):Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,23(5-6):443 469.
[26]KARSON J A,FRH-GREEN G L,KELLEY D S,et al.Detachment shear zone of the Atlantis Massif core complex,Mid-Atlantic Ridge,30°N[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2006,7(6):1-29.
[27]RESTON T J,WEINREBE W,GREVEMEYER I,et al.A rifted inside corner massif on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 5°S[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,200(73):255-269.
[28]DICK H J B,NATLAN J H,ALT J C,et al.A long in situ section of lower oceanic crust:Results of ODP Leg 176drilling at the Southwest Indian Ridge[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,179(1):31-51.
[29]BAINES A G,CHEADLE M J,JOHN B E,et al.The rate of oceanic detachment faulting at Atlantis Bank,SW Indian Ridge[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,273(1-2):105-114.
[30]CANNAT M,SAUTER D,MENDEL V,et al.Modes of seafloor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow-spreading ridge[J].Geology,2006,34(7):605-608.
[31]SEARLE R C,CANNAT M,FUJIOKA K,et al.FUJI Dome:A large detachment fault near 64Eon the very slow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2003,4(8):1-25.
[32]DROLIA R K,DEMETS C.Deformation in the diffuse India-Capricorn-Somalia triple junction from a multibeam and magnetic survey of the northern Central Indian ridge,3-10S[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2005,6(9):1-22.
[33]MITHELL N C,ESCARTIN J,ALLERTON S.Detachment faults at Mid-Ocean Ridges garner interest[C].Eos Transaction American Geophysical Union,1998,79(10):125-127.
[34]OHARA Y,YOSHIDA T,KATO Y,et al.Giant Megamullion in the Parece Vela BackarcBasin[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,2001,22(1):47-61.
[35]deMARTIN B J,SOHN R A,PABLO CANALES J,et al.Kinematics and geometry of active detachment faulting beneath the TransAtlantic Geotraverse(TAG)hydrothermal field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge[J].Geology,2007,35(8):711-714.
[36]MIRANDA J M,SILVA P F,LOURENCO N,et al.Study of the Saldanha Massif(MAR,36°34′N):Constrains from rock magnetic and geophysical data[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,2002,23(4):299-318.
[37]BAINES A G,CHEADLE M J,DICK H J.Mechanism for generating the anomalous uplift of oceanic core complexes:Atlantis Bank,southwest Indian Ridge[J].Geology,2003,31(12):1105-1108.
[38]CANNAT M,SAUTER D,ESCARTIN J,et al.Oceanic corrugated surfaces and the strength of the axial lithosphere at slow spreading ridges[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,288(1-2):174-183.
[39]MLLER R D,SDROLIAS M,GAINA C,et al.Age,spreading rates,and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust[J].Geo-chemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2008,9(4):1-19.
[40]BIRD P.An updated digital model of plate boundaries[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2003,4(3):1-52.
[41]TUCHOLKE B E,BEHN M D,BUCK W R,et al.Role of melt supply in oceanic detachment faulting and formation of megamullions[J].Geology,2008,36(6):455-458.
[42]KELEMEN P B,KIKAWA E,MILLER D J,et al.Leg 209summary:processes in a 20-km-thick conductive boundary layer beneath the Mid-Atlantic Ridge,14°-16°N[C]∥Proceedings of the ocean drilling program,scientific results.College Station,TX:Ocean Drilling Program,2007,209:1-33.
[43]BLACKMAN D K,ILDEFONSE B,JOHN B E,et al.Drilling constraints on lithospheric accretion and evolution at Atlantis Massif,Mid-Atlantic Ridge 30°N[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth(1978-2012),2011,116(B7):1-25.
[44]NATLAND J H,DICK H J B.Stratigraphy and composition of gabbros drilled in Ocean Drilling Program Hole 735B,Southwest Indian Ridge:a synthesis of geochemical data[C]∥Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results.2002,176:1-69.
[45]JOHN B E,FOSTER D A,MURPHY J M,et al.Determining the cooling history of in situ lower oceanic crust-Atlantis Bank,SW Indian Ridge[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2004,222(1):145-160.
[46]SCHWARTZ J J,JOHN B E,CHEADLE M J,et al.Cooling history of Atlantis Bank oceanic core complex:Evidence for hydrothermal activity 2.6Ma off axis[J].Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,2009,10(8):1-28.
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