青藏高原地壳地震纵波速度的层析成像
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摘要
本次研究利用地方地震台站的数据开展青藏高原地壳地震波速度的三维层析成像研究,得到分辨率达到1°×1°×20 km的地壳纵波三维速度结构,揭示了青藏高原地壳内部地壳波速结构特征。结果表明,青藏高原P波波速随深度产生巨大变化,说明地壳内部发生了大规模的层间拆离和水平剪切,用传统的地块运动不能准确地描述地壳物质运动。从P波波速扰动图上看到,青藏高原上地壳和上地幔的P波波速扰动为大范围正异常区,可以认为青藏高原在同碰撞和后碰撞期频繁的岩浆活动和结晶作用,造成了现今相对比较坚固的上地壳和岩石圈地幔,使青藏高原保持一个整体。分布在可可西里和羌塘北部的高钾质和钾质火山岩带,反映为青藏高原地壳的P波波速扰动负异常带,从上地壳到下地壳都有分布。说明由于大陆碰撞使三叠纪的东昆仑缝合带重新破裂,造成大量地幔流体物质上涌和火山爆发,对高原的形成和隆升都有一定的贡献。通过地震层析成像取得的三维地壳波速图像,进一步证实了由密度扰动三维成像指出的存在青藏高原下地壳流和新生代裂谷深部到达了中地壳底部的结论。
Objectives: 3D seismic tomography has been carried out for imaging the mantle under the Qinghai—Xizang( Tibetan) Plateau,but has not been performed for imaging the crust beneath the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau. This paper presents results of 3D P-wave tomography of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau for studying continental dynamics.Methods: We perform P-wave seismic tomography using seismic data collected from both the national and local stations for studying the crust beneath the Qinghai—Xizang( Tibet) Plateau,and obtain 3D crustal velocity disturbance images of scale of 1° × 1° × 20 km. We use more than 260000 travel-time picks for the inversion of Pwave velocity,producing accurate velocity images of the upper,middle and lower crust.Results: Our 3D P-wave tomography results show that patterns of the velocity disturbance change greatly with depth,indicating that the crust occurred inter-layers detachment and near horizontal shearing,and therefore,the crustal movement cannot be described by the so-called "block-moving". The upper-crust and uppermost mantle of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau are occupied by large areas of high velocity,indicating that rather solid upper-crust and uppermost mantle have already formed by frequent magmatic intrusions and crystallization after the subduction and collision processes. Therefore,the Plateau maintains as a whole. The volcanic zones located along Cocoxili and northern Qiangtang show low P-wave velocity anomalies from upper to lower crust,indicating that the collision caused re-rupture of the East-Kunlun suture and a great amount of mantle magma uplift caused by volcanic eruptions,making contribution to the formation of the thick crust of the plateau. Our tomographic images also improve the conclusion drawn from crustal density imaging,and show that the Cenozoic rifts located in the southern plateau extend to bottom of the middle crust.Conclusions: Our results of the crustal P-wave seismic tomography support the following new discoveries: the lower-crust flows,the contribution of northernvolcanic zones and the southern rifting process.
Objectives: 3D seismic tomography has been carried out for imaging the mantle under the Qinghai—Xizang( Tibetan) Plateau,but has not been performed for imaging the crust beneath the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau. This paper presents results of 3D P-wave tomography of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau for studying continental dynamics.Methods: We perform P-wave seismic tomography using seismic data collected from both the national and local stations for studying the crust beneath the Qinghai—Xizang( Tibet) Plateau,and obtain 3D crustal velocity disturbance images of scale of 1° × 1° × 20 km. We use more than 260000 travel-time picks for the inversion of Pwave velocity,producing accurate velocity images of the upper,middle and lower crust.Results: Our 3D P-wave tomography results show that patterns of the velocity disturbance change greatly with depth,indicating that the crust occurred inter-layers detachment and near horizontal shearing,and therefore,the crustal movement cannot be described by the so-called "block-moving". The upper-crust and uppermost mantle of the Qinghai—Xizang Plateau are occupied by large areas of high velocity,indicating that rather solid upper-crust and uppermost mantle have already formed by frequent magmatic intrusions and crystallization after the subduction and collision processes. Therefore,the Plateau maintains as a whole. The volcanic zones located along Cocoxili and northern Qiangtang show low P-wave velocity anomalies from upper to lower crust,indicating that the collision caused re-rupture of the East-Kunlun suture and a great amount of mantle magma uplift caused by volcanic eruptions,making contribution to the formation of the thick crust of the plateau. Our tomographic images also improve the conclusion drawn from crustal density imaging,and show that the Cenozoic rifts located in the southern plateau extend to bottom of the middle crust.Conclusions: Our results of the crustal P-wave seismic tomography support the following new discoveries: the lower-crust flows,the contribution of northernvolcanic zones and the southern rifting process.
引文
陈志明. 2017.板块构造与地貌形迹.北京:测绘出版社.
丁林,钟大赉.2013.印度与欧亚板块碰撞以来东喜马拉雅构造结的演化.地质科学,48(2):317~333.
马丽芳.2006.中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社.
莫宣学,赵志丹,邓晋福,等,2007.青藏新生代钾质火山活动的时空迁移及向东部玄武岩省的过渡壳幔深部物质流的暗示.现代地质,121(12):1~12.
瞿辰,杨文采,于常青.2013.塔里木盆地地震波速扰动及泊松比成像.地学前缘,20(5):196~206.
苏伟,彭艳菊,郑月军,等.2002.青藏高原及其邻区地壳上地幔S波速度结构.地球学报,23(3):193~200.
滕吉文,张中杰,白武明,等.2004.岩石圈物理学.北京:科学出版社.
王椿镛,楼海,吕智勇,等.2008.青藏高原东部地壳上地幔S波速度结构---下地壳流的深部环境.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),38(1):22~32.
肖序常,姜枚,刘训,等.2007.中国青藏高原-西北盆山岩石圈三维结构特征.北京:地质出版社.
胥颐,刘劲松,黄忠贤,等.2014.青藏高原上地幔速度结构及其动力学性质.地球物理学报,57(12):4085~4096.
许志琴,杨经绥,李海兵,等.2011.印度-亚洲碰撞大地构造.地质学报,85(1):1~33.
杨文采.1997.地球物理反演的理论与方法.北京:地质出版社:1~273.
杨文采,杜剑渊.1994.地震成像新算法及其在工程检测上的应用.地球物理学报,37(2):239~244.
杨文采.2014a.探测大陆岩石圈的属性、相态与物质运动:固体地球物理学的新使命.地质论评,60(6):1181~1198.
杨文采.2014b.从地壳上地幔构造看大陆碰撞带的克拉通化.地质论评,60(4):721~740.
杨文采.2014c.从地壳上地幔构造看大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解.地质论评,60(5):945~961.
杨文采,侯遵泽,于常青.2015a.滇西地壳三维密度结构及其大地构造含义.地球物理学报,58(11):3902~3916.
杨文采,侯遵泽,于常青.2015b.青藏高原地壳的三维密度结构和物质运动.地球物理学报,58(11):4223~4234.
杨文采,孙艳云,于常青.2015c.青藏高原地壳密度变形带及构造分区.地球物理学报,58(11):4115~4128.
杨文采,瞿辰,侯遵泽.2017a.中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构特征.地质论评,63(3):539~548.
杨文采,谢学锦.2017b.西藏地球化学填图及其意义.地质论评,63(2):269~278.
杨文采,侯遵泽,徐义贤,颜萍.2017c.青藏高原下地壳热变形和管道流研究.地质论评,63(5):1141~1152.
杨文采,江金生,侯遵泽.2019.西藏新生代裂谷系成因的探讨.地质论评,65:(印刷中).
Avouac J P and Tapponnier P.1993.Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,20:895~898.
Beaumont C,Jamieson R A,Nguyen M H,et al.2004.Crustal channel flows:1.Numerical models with application to the tectonics of the Himalayan Tibet an orogen.J.Geophys.Res.,109(B6):B06406,doi:10.1029/2003JB002809
Brown L D,Zhou W J,Nelson K D,et al.1997.Bright spots,structure and magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling.Science,274:1688~1690.
Burg J P,Ford M.1997.Orogeny through Time.Geol.Soc.Special Pub.vol.121:1~17.
Chang Li,Van der Hilst,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,274(1~2):157~168.
Chang Li,Robert D,Van der Hilst,at al.2006.Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Physics of Earth and Planetary Interior,154:180~195.
Chen Zhiming.2017&.Plate Tectonics and Geomorphic Traces.Beijing:Sinomap Press.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28(8):703~706.
Dewey J F,Burke K C.1973.Tibetan,Variscan,and Precambrian basement reactivation:products of continental collision.The Journal of Geology,81(6):683~682.
Flesch L M,Haines A J,Holt W E.2001.Dynamics of the IndiaEurasia collision zone.J.Geophys.Res.,106(B8):16435~16460.
Grujic D.2006.Channel flow and continental collision tectonics:an overview.Geol.Soc.London,268:25~37.
Harris N.2007.Channel flow and the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen:a critical review.Geol.Soc.London,164:511~523.
Harrison T M,Cope and P,Kidd W S F,Yin A.1992.Raising Tibet.Science,255:1663~1670.
Jolivet L and Hataf H C.2001.Geodynamics.Lisse:A.A.Balkema Pub.
Law R D,Searle P,Godin L.2006.Channel flow,ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones.Geological Society,London,special pub.:1~268.
Min C,Fenglin N,Qinya L,et al.2015.Multi-parameter adjoint tomography of the crust and upper mantle beneath East Asia:1.Model construction and comparisons.J.Geophys.Res.Solid Earth,120:1762-1786.
Molnar P and Helene L C.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins.Geophys.J.Int.,99:123~153.
Molnar P,England P,Martinod J.1993.Mantle dynamics,uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,and the Indian monsoon.Reviews of Geophysics,31:357~396.
Mo Xuanxue,Zhao Zhidan,Deng Jinfu,et al.2006.Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Tibetan plateau:Implications for lithosphere heterogeneity and collisioninduced asthenospheric mantle flow.Geological Society of America,Special Paper,409:508~530.
Mo Xuanxue,Zhao Zhidan,Deng Jinfu,et al.2007&.Migration of the Tibetan Cenozoic potassic volcanism and its transition to eastern basaltic province:Implications or Crustal and Mantle Flow.Geoscience,121(12),1~12.
Mo X X,Niu Y L,Dong G C,et al.2008.Contribution of syn-collisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth:A case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic succession in southern Tibet.Chemical Geology,250:49~68.
Qu Chen,Yang Wencai,Yu Changqing.2013&.Seismic tomography and Poisson’s ratio imaging in Tarim Basin.Geoscience Frontiers,20(5):196~206.
Yang Wencai.1997&.Theory and Methods in Geophysical Inversion.Beijing:Geological Pub.House.
Su Wei,Peng Yanju,Zheng Yuejun,et al.2002&.Crust and uppermantle shear velocity structure beneath and adjacent areas.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,23(3):193~200.
Royden L H,Clark B,King R W,et al.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788~790.
Schoenbohm L M,Burchfiel B C,Chen L.2006.Propagation of surface uplift,lower crustal flow,and Cenozoic tectonics of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geology,34(10):813~816.
Unsworth M,Jones A J,Wei W,et al.2005.Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data.Nature,4383,doi:10:78~81.
Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P,et al.2007.Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications.JGR,112(B7):B07307,doi:10.1029/2005JB003873
Xu Yi,Liu Futian,Liu Jianhua,Hui Chen.2002.Crust and upper mantle structure beneath western China from P wave travel time tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B10).2220.doi:10.1029/2001JB000402
Xu Y,Liu J S,Huang Z X,et al.,2014&.Upper mantle velocity structure and dynamic features of the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.,57(12):4085~4096.
Xuewei B,Xiaodong S,Jiangtao L.2015.High-resolution lithospheric structure beneath Mainland China from ambient noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,417:132~141.
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Yang Wencai,Sun Yanyun,Yu Changqing.2015c&.The crustal density and deformation structures of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,Chinese J.Geophys.,58(11):4115~4128.
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Yang Wencai,Xie Xuejin.2017b&.Geochemical mapping in Tibet and its significances.Geological Review,63(2):269~278.
Yang Wencai,Hou Zunze,Xu Yixian,et al.2017c&.A study on thermal deformation and lower crust channel flows in QinghaiTibetan plateau.Geological Review,63(5):1141~1152.
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丁林,钟大赉.2013.印度与欧亚板块碰撞以来东喜马拉雅构造结的演化.地质科学,48(2):317~333.
马丽芳.2006.中国地质图集.北京:地质出版社.
莫宣学,赵志丹,邓晋福,等,2007.青藏新生代钾质火山活动的时空迁移及向东部玄武岩省的过渡壳幔深部物质流的暗示.现代地质,121(12):1~12.
瞿辰,杨文采,于常青.2013.塔里木盆地地震波速扰动及泊松比成像.地学前缘,20(5):196~206.
苏伟,彭艳菊,郑月军,等.2002.青藏高原及其邻区地壳上地幔S波速度结构.地球学报,23(3):193~200.
滕吉文,张中杰,白武明,等.2004.岩石圈物理学.北京:科学出版社.
王椿镛,楼海,吕智勇,等.2008.青藏高原东部地壳上地幔S波速度结构---下地壳流的深部环境.中国科学(D辑:地球科学),38(1):22~32.
肖序常,姜枚,刘训,等.2007.中国青藏高原-西北盆山岩石圈三维结构特征.北京:地质出版社.
胥颐,刘劲松,黄忠贤,等.2014.青藏高原上地幔速度结构及其动力学性质.地球物理学报,57(12):4085~4096.
许志琴,杨经绥,李海兵,等.2011.印度-亚洲碰撞大地构造.地质学报,85(1):1~33.
杨文采.1997.地球物理反演的理论与方法.北京:地质出版社:1~273.
杨文采,杜剑渊.1994.地震成像新算法及其在工程检测上的应用.地球物理学报,37(2):239~244.
杨文采.2014a.探测大陆岩石圈的属性、相态与物质运动:固体地球物理学的新使命.地质论评,60(6):1181~1198.
杨文采.2014b.从地壳上地幔构造看大陆碰撞带的克拉通化.地质论评,60(4):721~740.
杨文采.2014c.从地壳上地幔构造看大陆岩石圈伸展与裂解.地质论评,60(5):945~961.
杨文采,侯遵泽,于常青.2015a.滇西地壳三维密度结构及其大地构造含义.地球物理学报,58(11):3902~3916.
杨文采,侯遵泽,于常青.2015b.青藏高原地壳的三维密度结构和物质运动.地球物理学报,58(11):4223~4234.
杨文采,孙艳云,于常青.2015c.青藏高原地壳密度变形带及构造分区.地球物理学报,58(11):4115~4128.
杨文采,瞿辰,侯遵泽.2017a.中国大陆造山带地壳密度结构特征.地质论评,63(3):539~548.
杨文采,谢学锦.2017b.西藏地球化学填图及其意义.地质论评,63(2):269~278.
杨文采,侯遵泽,徐义贤,颜萍.2017c.青藏高原下地壳热变形和管道流研究.地质论评,63(5):1141~1152.
杨文采,江金生,侯遵泽.2019.西藏新生代裂谷系成因的探讨.地质论评,65:(印刷中).
Avouac J P and Tapponnier P.1993.Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia.Geophys.Res.Lett.,20:895~898.
Beaumont C,Jamieson R A,Nguyen M H,et al.2004.Crustal channel flows:1.Numerical models with application to the tectonics of the Himalayan Tibet an orogen.J.Geophys.Res.,109(B6):B06406,doi:10.1029/2003JB002809
Brown L D,Zhou W J,Nelson K D,et al.1997.Bright spots,structure and magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling.Science,274:1688~1690.
Burg J P,Ford M.1997.Orogeny through Time.Geol.Soc.Special Pub.vol.121:1~17.
Chang Li,Van der Hilst,Meltzer A S,et al.2008.Subduction of the Indian lithosphere beneath the Tibetan Plateau and Burma.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,274(1~2):157~168.
Chang Li,Robert D,Van der Hilst,at al.2006.Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia.Physics of Earth and Planetary Interior,154:180~195.
Chen Zhiming.2017&.Plate Tectonics and Geomorphic Traces.Beijing:Sinomap Press.
Clark M K,Royden L H.2000.Topographic ooze:eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28(8):703~706.
Dewey J F,Burke K C.1973.Tibetan,Variscan,and Precambrian basement reactivation:products of continental collision.The Journal of Geology,81(6):683~682.
Flesch L M,Haines A J,Holt W E.2001.Dynamics of the IndiaEurasia collision zone.J.Geophys.Res.,106(B8):16435~16460.
Grujic D.2006.Channel flow and continental collision tectonics:an overview.Geol.Soc.London,268:25~37.
Harris N.2007.Channel flow and the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen:a critical review.Geol.Soc.London,164:511~523.
Harrison T M,Cope and P,Kidd W S F,Yin A.1992.Raising Tibet.Science,255:1663~1670.
Jolivet L and Hataf H C.2001.Geodynamics.Lisse:A.A.Balkema Pub.
Law R D,Searle P,Godin L.2006.Channel flow,ductile extrusion and exhumation in continental collision zones.Geological Society,London,special pub.:1~268.
Min C,Fenglin N,Qinya L,et al.2015.Multi-parameter adjoint tomography of the crust and upper mantle beneath East Asia:1.Model construction and comparisons.J.Geophys.Res.Solid Earth,120:1762-1786.
Molnar P and Helene L C.1989.Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins.Geophys.J.Int.,99:123~153.
Molnar P,England P,Martinod J.1993.Mantle dynamics,uplift of the Tibetan Plateau,and the Indian monsoon.Reviews of Geophysics,31:357~396.
Mo Xuanxue,Zhao Zhidan,Deng Jinfu,et al.2006.Petrology and geochemistry of post-collisional volcanic rocks from the Tibetan plateau:Implications for lithosphere heterogeneity and collisioninduced asthenospheric mantle flow.Geological Society of America,Special Paper,409:508~530.
Mo Xuanxue,Zhao Zhidan,Deng Jinfu,et al.2007&.Migration of the Tibetan Cenozoic potassic volcanism and its transition to eastern basaltic province:Implications or Crustal and Mantle Flow.Geoscience,121(12),1~12.
Mo X X,Niu Y L,Dong G C,et al.2008.Contribution of syn-collisional felsic magmatism to continental crust growth:A case study of the Paleogene Linzizong volcanic succession in southern Tibet.Chemical Geology,250:49~68.
Qu Chen,Yang Wencai,Yu Changqing.2013&.Seismic tomography and Poisson’s ratio imaging in Tarim Basin.Geoscience Frontiers,20(5):196~206.
Yang Wencai.1997&.Theory and Methods in Geophysical Inversion.Beijing:Geological Pub.House.
Su Wei,Peng Yanju,Zheng Yuejun,et al.2002&.Crust and uppermantle shear velocity structure beneath and adjacent areas.Acta Geoscientia Sinica,23(3):193~200.
Royden L H,Clark B,King R W,et al.1997.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276(5313):788~790.
Schoenbohm L M,Burchfiel B C,Chen L.2006.Propagation of surface uplift,lower crustal flow,and Cenozoic tectonics of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geology,34(10):813~816.
Unsworth M,Jones A J,Wei W,et al.2005.Crustal rheology of the Himalaya and Southern Tibet inferred from magnetotelluric data.Nature,4383,doi:10:78~81.
Wang C Y,Han W B,Wu J P,et al.2007.Crustal structure beneath the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications.JGR,112(B7):B07307,doi:10.1029/2005JB003873
Xu Yi,Liu Futian,Liu Jianhua,Hui Chen.2002.Crust and upper mantle structure beneath western China from P wave travel time tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,107(B10).2220.doi:10.1029/2001JB000402
Xu Y,Liu J S,Huang Z X,et al.,2014&.Upper mantle velocity structure and dynamic features of the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J.Geophys.,57(12):4085~4096.
Xuewei B,Xiaodong S,Jiangtao L.2015.High-resolution lithospheric structure beneath Mainland China from ambient noise and earthquake surface-wave tomography.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,417:132~141.
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