竖管灌水器技术参数对土壤水分入渗特性的影响
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摘要
地下灌溉竖管灌水技术是一种新型的灌水技术。研究压力水头和竖管直径对砂质壤土地下灌溉竖管入渗特性的影响,对研究竖管地下灌溉管网系统水力特性具有重要意义。采用竖管灌水器入渗试验装置,分别测定了不同时刻粉质壤土在0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和3.0 m压力水头,以及竖管直径为4、8、12和16 mm条件下累积入渗量的变化过程。结果表明:压力水头对累积入渗量影响较大,随入渗时间延长,其影响程度减弱;竖管直径与累积入渗量呈显著的正相关关系,但随着管径的增大,对累积入渗量的影响程度减小;对构建的经验公式进行T检验、F检验和相关性系数R检验,表明压力水头和竖管管径对累积入渗量有显著性影响;压力水头、竖管直径作用下累积入渗量的试验值与经验公式计算值的相关系数分别为0.997和0.998,表明其能够较好地反映累积入渗量和影响因素之间的关系。研究结果对地下灌溉竖管入渗的进一步研究有一定的借鉴意义。
Subsurface irrigation is a type of water-saving technology. Current subsurface irrigation emitters have poor anti-clogging abilities and consume a lot of energy. Considering the disadvantages of old subsurface irrigation emitters,a new type of subsurface irrigation emitter-a vertical tube emitter-was proposed based on energy-efficient by decreasing pressure head and improving anti-clogging characteristics. In this study,the characteristics of cumulative infiltration of vertical tube emitter were examined. The hydraulic head and infiltration time were considered as factors affecting infiltration of the vertical tube emitter. The experimental scheme was established with different pressure levels( 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,and 3.0 m) and different tube diameters( 4,8,12,and 16 mm). A Mariotte bottle was used to regulate the hydraulic head. The total infiltration time was 5 h for each trial,with the time intervals of 1,2,3,and 5 min during 0-50 min,respectively. Then,the time interval was 10 min for every record. During 100-180 min,the time interval was 20 min,and the last interval was 30 min from 180 to 300 min. The cumulative infiltration was observed and recorded with different pressure heads. The results showed that at the first infiltration stage,the value of cumulative infiltration was remarkably fluctuated. As the infiltration time went on,the fluctuation of the value decreased slightly and then tended to be stable.Pressure head had a significant influence on cumulative infiltration. Such effect was weakened with the infiltration time. There was a significantly positive correlation between tube diameter and cumulative infiltration,but this influence decreased with the increasing tube diameters. The correlation coefficients between observed values of cumulative infiltration and predicted values using pressure head and tube diameter as predictor variables were 0.997 and 0.998,respectively,indicating a good relationship between cumulative infiltration and influencing factors. Our results are important for further study on infiltration performance of vertical tube emitters in subsurface irrigation and the application of vertical tube emitters.
Subsurface irrigation is a type of water-saving technology. Current subsurface irrigation emitters have poor anti-clogging abilities and consume a lot of energy. Considering the disadvantages of old subsurface irrigation emitters,a new type of subsurface irrigation emitter-a vertical tube emitter-was proposed based on energy-efficient by decreasing pressure head and improving anti-clogging characteristics. In this study,the characteristics of cumulative infiltration of vertical tube emitter were examined. The hydraulic head and infiltration time were considered as factors affecting infiltration of the vertical tube emitter. The experimental scheme was established with different pressure levels( 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,and 3.0 m) and different tube diameters( 4,8,12,and 16 mm). A Mariotte bottle was used to regulate the hydraulic head. The total infiltration time was 5 h for each trial,with the time intervals of 1,2,3,and 5 min during 0-50 min,respectively. Then,the time interval was 10 min for every record. During 100-180 min,the time interval was 20 min,and the last interval was 30 min from 180 to 300 min. The cumulative infiltration was observed and recorded with different pressure heads. The results showed that at the first infiltration stage,the value of cumulative infiltration was remarkably fluctuated. As the infiltration time went on,the fluctuation of the value decreased slightly and then tended to be stable.Pressure head had a significant influence on cumulative infiltration. Such effect was weakened with the infiltration time. There was a significantly positive correlation between tube diameter and cumulative infiltration,but this influence decreased with the increasing tube diameters. The correlation coefficients between observed values of cumulative infiltration and predicted values using pressure head and tube diameter as predictor variables were 0.997 and 0.998,respectively,indicating a good relationship between cumulative infiltration and influencing factors. Our results are important for further study on infiltration performance of vertical tube emitters in subsurface irrigation and the application of vertical tube emitters.
引文
白丹,何靖,郭霖,等.2016a.多因素影响下竖管地下灌溉入渗特性分析.农业工程学报,32(23):101-105.
白丹,何靖,郭霖,等.2016b.地下灌竖管灌水器直径压力对土壤水入渗特性的影响.农业工程学报,32(14):97-102.
曾辰,王全九,樊军.2010.初始含水率对土壤垂直线源入渗特征的影响.农业工程学报,26(1):24-30.
陈新明,蔡焕杰,单志杰,等.2006.作物根区局部控水无压灌溉的土壤水动力学机理.农业机械学报,37(11):80-83.
程慧娟,王全九,白云岗,等.2010.垂直线源灌线源长度对湿润体特性的影响.农业工程学报,26(6):32-37.
何靖.2017.竖管地下灌溉入渗特性试验研究(硕士学位论文).西安:西安理工大学.
江培福,雷廷武,Bralts VF,等.2006.土壤质地和灌水器材料对负压灌溉出水流量及土壤水运移的影响.农业工程学报,22(4):19-22.
李淑芹,王全九.2011.垂直线源入渗土壤水分分布特性模拟.农业机械学报,42(3):51-57.
梁飞豹,吕书龙,薛美玉,等.2010.应用统计方法.北京:北京大学出版社.
牛文全,张俊,张琳琳,等.2013.埋深与压力对微润灌湿润体水分运移的影响.农业机械学报,44(12):128-134.
沈富,李建设,刘宏久,等.2015.痕量灌溉管不同埋深对日光温室辣椒生长影响.节水灌溉,(11):19-23.
王荣莲,龚时宏,于健,等.2011.地下滴灌抗负压堵塞的方法和措施.节水灌溉,(11):70-72.
王荣莲,龚时宏,于健,等.2012.地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究.节水灌溉,(7):10-13.
王永杰,王全九,苏李君,等.2012.极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,30(3):63-69.
仵峰,范永申,李辉,等.2004.地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究.农业工程学报,20(1):80-83.
薛万来,牛文全,罗春艳,等.2014.微润灌溉土壤湿润体运移模型研究.水土保持学报,28(4):49-54.
张俊,牛文全,张琳琳,等.2014.初始含水率对微润灌溉线源入渗特性的影响.排灌机械工程学报,32(1):72-79.
张锐,刘洁,诸钧,等.2013.实现作物需水触动式自适应灌溉的痕量灌溉技术分析.节水灌溉,(1):48-51.
张国祥,赵爱琴.2015.“痕量灌溉”理论支撑与技术特点的质疑.农业工程学报,31(6):1-7.
张志新.2015.“痕量”无法灌溉---对“痕量灌溉”的思考.农业工程学报,31(18):1-4.
赵伟霞,蔡焕杰,陈新明,等.2007.无压灌溉土壤湿润体含水率分布规律与模拟模型研究.农业工程学报,23(3):7-12.
Ben-Gal A,Lazarovitch N,Shani U.2004.Subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)in gravel-filled cavities.Vadose Zone Journal,3:1407-1413.
Berbel J,Mateos L.2014.Does investment in irrigation technology necessarily generate rebound effects?A simulation analysis based on an agro-economic model.Agricultural Systems,128:25-34.
Carleton RB,Breit GN,Healy RW,et al.2013a.Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water:Part I.Water and solute movement.Agricultural Water Management,118:122-134.
Carleton RB,Breit GN,Healy RW,et al.2013b.Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water:Part II.Geochemistry.Agricultural Water Management,118:135-149.
Kandelous MM,Kamai T,Vrugt JA,et al.2012.Evaluation of subsurface drip irrigation design and management parameters for alfalfa.Agricultural Water Management,109:81-93.
Khadijeh B,Mostafazadeh-Fard B,Sheikhbahaei AA.2014.Molecular oscillation technology:New phenomenon to reduce emitter clogging in trickle irrigation.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,140:04014034.
Mailhol JC,Ruelle P,Walser S,et al.2011.Analysis of AETand yield predictions under surface and buried drip irrigation systems using the Crop Model PILOTE and Hydrus-2D.Agricultural Water Management,98:1033-1044.
Puig-Bargue’s J,Arbat G,Elbana M,et al.2010.Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents.Agricultural Water Management,97:883-891.
Zhu J,Jin JS,Yang CX.2014.Effects of trace quantity irrigation on yield,dry matter portioning and water use efficiency of spherical fennel grown in greenhouse.Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,32:338-342.
白丹,何靖,郭霖,等.2016b.地下灌竖管灌水器直径压力对土壤水入渗特性的影响.农业工程学报,32(14):97-102.
曾辰,王全九,樊军.2010.初始含水率对土壤垂直线源入渗特征的影响.农业工程学报,26(1):24-30.
陈新明,蔡焕杰,单志杰,等.2006.作物根区局部控水无压灌溉的土壤水动力学机理.农业机械学报,37(11):80-83.
程慧娟,王全九,白云岗,等.2010.垂直线源灌线源长度对湿润体特性的影响.农业工程学报,26(6):32-37.
何靖.2017.竖管地下灌溉入渗特性试验研究(硕士学位论文).西安:西安理工大学.
江培福,雷廷武,Bralts VF,等.2006.土壤质地和灌水器材料对负压灌溉出水流量及土壤水运移的影响.农业工程学报,22(4):19-22.
李淑芹,王全九.2011.垂直线源入渗土壤水分分布特性模拟.农业机械学报,42(3):51-57.
梁飞豹,吕书龙,薛美玉,等.2010.应用统计方法.北京:北京大学出版社.
牛文全,张俊,张琳琳,等.2013.埋深与压力对微润灌湿润体水分运移的影响.农业机械学报,44(12):128-134.
沈富,李建设,刘宏久,等.2015.痕量灌溉管不同埋深对日光温室辣椒生长影响.节水灌溉,(11):19-23.
王荣莲,龚时宏,于健,等.2011.地下滴灌抗负压堵塞的方法和措施.节水灌溉,(11):70-72.
王荣莲,龚时宏,于健,等.2012.地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究.节水灌溉,(7):10-13.
王永杰,王全九,苏李君,等.2012.极端干旱区垂直线源灌方式对葡萄生长及水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,30(3):63-69.
仵峰,范永申,李辉,等.2004.地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究.农业工程学报,20(1):80-83.
薛万来,牛文全,罗春艳,等.2014.微润灌溉土壤湿润体运移模型研究.水土保持学报,28(4):49-54.
张俊,牛文全,张琳琳,等.2014.初始含水率对微润灌溉线源入渗特性的影响.排灌机械工程学报,32(1):72-79.
张锐,刘洁,诸钧,等.2013.实现作物需水触动式自适应灌溉的痕量灌溉技术分析.节水灌溉,(1):48-51.
张国祥,赵爱琴.2015.“痕量灌溉”理论支撑与技术特点的质疑.农业工程学报,31(6):1-7.
张志新.2015.“痕量”无法灌溉---对“痕量灌溉”的思考.农业工程学报,31(18):1-4.
赵伟霞,蔡焕杰,陈新明,等.2007.无压灌溉土壤湿润体含水率分布规律与模拟模型研究.农业工程学报,23(3):7-12.
Ben-Gal A,Lazarovitch N,Shani U.2004.Subsurface drip irrigation(SDI)in gravel-filled cavities.Vadose Zone Journal,3:1407-1413.
Berbel J,Mateos L.2014.Does investment in irrigation technology necessarily generate rebound effects?A simulation analysis based on an agro-economic model.Agricultural Systems,128:25-34.
Carleton RB,Breit GN,Healy RW,et al.2013a.Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water:Part I.Water and solute movement.Agricultural Water Management,118:122-134.
Carleton RB,Breit GN,Healy RW,et al.2013b.Deep subsurface drip irrigation using coal-bed sodic water:Part II.Geochemistry.Agricultural Water Management,118:135-149.
Kandelous MM,Kamai T,Vrugt JA,et al.2012.Evaluation of subsurface drip irrigation design and management parameters for alfalfa.Agricultural Water Management,109:81-93.
Khadijeh B,Mostafazadeh-Fard B,Sheikhbahaei AA.2014.Molecular oscillation technology:New phenomenon to reduce emitter clogging in trickle irrigation.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,140:04014034.
Mailhol JC,Ruelle P,Walser S,et al.2011.Analysis of AETand yield predictions under surface and buried drip irrigation systems using the Crop Model PILOTE and Hydrus-2D.Agricultural Water Management,98:1033-1044.
Puig-Bargue’s J,Arbat G,Elbana M,et al.2010.Effect of flushing frequency on emitter clogging in microirrigation with effluents.Agricultural Water Management,97:883-891.
Zhu J,Jin JS,Yang CX.2014.Effects of trace quantity irrigation on yield,dry matter portioning and water use efficiency of spherical fennel grown in greenhouse.Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,32:338-342.