Features and genesis of micro-nanometer-sized grains on shear slip surface of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：RenMao Yuan (1)
  BingLiang Zhang (1)
  XiWei Xu (1)
  ChuanYong Lin (1)
  LanBing Si (1)
  Xiao Li (2)
  
• 关键词：Wenchuan earthquake ; fault slip surface ; micro ; nanometer sized grains ; loose structure
• 刊名：Science China Earth Sciences
• 出版年：2014
• 出版时间：August 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：57
• 期：8
• 页码：1961-1971
• 全文大小：4,522 KB
• 参考文献：1. Bakken B M, Hochella M F, Marshall J F. 1989. High-resolution microscopy of gold in unoxidized ore from the Carlin mine, Nevada. Econ Geol, 84:171鈥?79 CrossRef
  2. Berezkin V L. 2001. Genesis of areliam shungite with reference to its distinctive structural features. Geochem Int, 30: 220鈥?27
  3. Bladh K, Falk J K L, Rohmund F. 2000. On the iron catalyzed growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes and encapsulated metal particles in the gas phase. Appl Phys A, 70: 317鈥?22 CrossRef
  4. Blenkinsop T. 2002. Deformation Microstrctures and Mechanisms in Minerals and Rocks. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 7鈥?3
  5. Cao H T, Sun Y, Wang Z C, et al. 2009. Case observation on kinematics of seismic fault (in Chinese). Prog Nat Sci, 19: 1076鈥?081
  6. Cowan. 1999. Do fault preserve a record of seismic slip? A field geologist鈥檚 opinion. J Struct Geol, 21: 995鈥?001 CrossRef
  7. Dang J X, Zhou Y S, Han L, et al. 2012. X-ray diffraction analysis result of coseismic fault gouge in carbon mudstone at outcrops of Bajiaomiao and Shengxigou in Hongkou (in Chinese). Seism Geol, 34: 17鈥?7
  8. Deng Q D, Chen S F, Zhao X L. 1994. Tectonic, scismisity and dynamics of Longmen Mountains and its adjacent regions (in Chinese). Seism Geol, 16: 389鈥?03
  9. Durham W B, Weidner D J, Karato S I, et al. 2002. New developments in deformation experiment at high pressure. Rev Miner Geochem, 51: 21鈥?9 CrossRef
  10. Fu B H, Wang P, Kong P, et al. 2008. Preliminary study of coseismic fault gouge occurring in the slip zone of the Wenchuan / Ms 8.0 earthquake and its tectonic implication (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 24: 2237鈥?243
  11. Han L, Zhou Y S, Chen J Y, et al. 2010. Structural characters of coseismic fault gouge in bedrocks during the Wenchuan earthquake (in Chinese). Quat Sci, 30: 745鈥?58
  12. Han R, Shimamoto T, Hirose T, et al. 2007. Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition. Science, 316: 878鈥?81 CrossRef
  13. Hemenway C L, Fulam E F, Phillips L. 1961. Nanometeorities. Nature, 190: 897鈥?98 CrossRef
  14. Jian Z C. 1993. Nanaometer science and earth science (in Chinese). Geol Geochem, 2: 22鈥?5
  15. Jordan G, Higgins S R, Egglestom C M. 1999. Acidic dissolution of plagioclase: / In situ observation by hydrothermal atomic force microscopy (AFM). Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 63: 3183鈥?191 CrossRef
  16. Ju Y W, Jiang B, Hou Q L, et al. 2005. Relationship between nanoscale deformation of coal structure and metamorphic-deformed environments. Chin Sci Bull, 50: 1785鈥?796 CrossRef
  17. Ju Y W, Li X S. 2009. New progress on extra micro structure of tectonic coal (in Chinese). Prog Nat Sci, 19: 131鈥?40 CrossRef
  18. Keulen N, Heilbronner R, Stunitz H, et al. 2007. Grain size distributions of fault rocks: A comparison between experimentally and naturally deformed granitoid. J Struct Geol, 29: 1282鈥?300 CrossRef
  19. Lin A M. 2011. Seismic slip recorded by fluidized ultracataclastic vens formed in a coseismic shear zone during the 2008 / Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Geology, 39: 547鈥?50 CrossRef
  20. Lin C Y, Shi L B, Liu X S, et al. 1995. Significance of fault gouge in fault moving research (in Chinese). Earthq Res Chin, 11: 26鈥?2
  21. Liu D L, Yang Q, Li W Y, et al. 2004. A discovery of nanometer-grade grain in the Mylonite of ductile fracture in the south of Tancheng-Lujiang fracture zone (in Chinese). Sci Tech Eng, 1: 42鈥?3
  22. Liu H, Sun Y, Shu L S, et al. 2009. Nano-scaled study on the ductile shear zone in Wugongshan, south China (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 83: 609鈥?16
  23. Logan J M, Friedman M, Higgs M, et al. 1979. Experimental studies of simulated fault gouge and their application to studies of natural fault zones. Open-File Rep. Analysis of Actual Fault Zones. Bedrock, US Geol Surv
  24. Moore D E, Summers R, Byerlee J D. 1989. Sliding behavior and deformation textures of heated illite gouge. J Struct Geol, 11: 329鈥?42 CrossRef
  25. Nikolaev P. 1999. Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide. Chem Phys Lett, 313: 91鈥?7 CrossRef
  26. Rutter E H, Maddock R H, Hall S H, et al. 1986. Comparative microstructures of natural and experimentally produced clay-bearing fault gouges. Pure Appl Geophys, 124: 3鈥?0 CrossRef
  27. Schofer J, Rehbein P, Stolz U, et al. 2001. Formation of tribochemical films and white layers on self-mated bearing steel surfaces in boundary lubricated sliding contact. Wear, 248: 7鈥?5 CrossRef
  28. Song L B, Jiang T Y. 1987. Relationship between earthquake magnitude and breakage length of active fault (in Chinese). Earthq Res, 10: 45鈥?3
  29. Sun Y, Ge H P, Lu X C, et al. 2003. Discovery and analysis of ultro-micro grinding Grain texture in slipping lamellae of ductile-brittle zone. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 46: 265鈥?71
  30. Sun Y, Lu X C, Shu L, et al. 2005. Observation of ultra-microstructure of fault rocks in shearing-sliding zones. Prog Nat Sci, 15: 430鈥?34 CrossRef
  31. Sun Y, Lu X C, Zhang X H, et al. 2008a. Nano-texture of penetrative foliation in metamorphic rocks. Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci, 51: 1750鈥?758 CrossRef
  32. Sun Y, Shu L S, Lu X C, et al. 2007. Research progress in nanometer grain layer of rock slip surface (in Chinese). Prog Nat Sci, 17: 1331鈥?337
  33. Sun Y, Shu L S, Lu X C, et al. 2008b. A comparative study of natural and experimental nano-sized grinding grain textures in rocks. Chin Sci Bull, 53: 1217鈥?221 CrossRef
  34. Tarran A, Bemard A, Garilanes J C, et al. 2000. Native gild in mineral precipitates from high temperature volcanic gases of Colima volcano, Mexico. Appl Geochem, 15: 337鈥?46 CrossRef
  35. Wang P, Fu B H, Zhang B, et al. 2009. Relationships between surfaces and lithologic characteristics of the Wenchuan / Ms 8.0 earthquake (in Chinese). Chin J Geophys, 52: 131鈥?39
  36. Wilson B, Dewers T, Reches Z, et al. 2005. Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones. Nature, 434: 749鈥?52 CrossRef
  37. Xu X W, Chen G H, Yu G H, et al. 2010. Re-evaluation of surface rupture parameters of the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake and its tectonic implication for Tibetan uplift (in Chinese). Chin J Geophys, 53: 2321鈥?336
  38. Xu X W, Wen X Z, Ye J Q, et al. 2008. The / Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure (in Chinese). Seismol Geol, 30: 597鈥?29
  39. Xu X W, Wen X Z, Yu G H, et al. 2009. Coseismic reverse- and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the 2008 / Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geology, 37: 515鈥?18 CrossRef
  40. Yund R, Blanpied M, Tullis T, et al. 1990. Amorphous material in high strain experimental gouge. J Geophys Res, 95: 15589鈥?5602 CrossRef
  41. Zhang B L, Lin C Y, Fang Z J, et al. 1994. Microstructural feature of fault gouges in active fault and their implication. Chin Sci Bull, 39: 312鈥?17
  42. Zhang L D, Mou J M. 2001. Nanometer Matter and Nanometer Structure (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 544
  
• 作者单位：RenMao Yuan (1)
  BingLiang Zhang (1)
  XiWei Xu (1)
  ChuanYong Lin (1)
  LanBing Si (1)
  Xiao Li (2)
  
  1. Key Laboratory of Active Tectonics and Volcano, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029, China
  2. Engineering Research Institute of University of Science & Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
  
• ISSN：1869-1897

文摘

In coseismic surface rupture zones caused by the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, some thin-layered fault gouges with strong deformation were observed in different locations. In this paper, fault gouge samples were taken as research objects from the Bajiaomiao village in the south-west segment of the principal rupture and the Heshangping village and the Shaba village in the north-east segment of the principal rupture where larger displacements were measured. Fabric characteristics of the fault gouge samples and the morphologies and structures of micro-nanometer grains on Y-shear surfaces were then analyzed by using a stereoscope and SEM. Observation results showed that obvious Y- and R-shears and obvious scratches were well developed in coseismic gouges caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Micro-nanometer grains in the fault gouge of the Wenhcuan earthquake were formed mainly due to breaking, grinding, and powdering of fault slipping friction surface. Heat caused by fault slipping (maybe also including heat caused by thermal decomposition) played an important role in producing micro-nanometer sized grains. Existence occurrence state of micro-nanometer sized grains on fault slip surface includes singled grains and their complexes with shapes of ball, silkworm, pancake and mass. The structures mainly include dispersed and close-packed structures besides a few of striped and layered structures. All these structures were formed at the extreme unbalance conditions caused by rapid deforming during an earthquake. There always exist some voids between structures due to loosely contact. Only alienated grains are included in the stripped structure. But there are some singled grains with no deformation in dispersed and close-packed structures besides complexes of grains with morphologies of ball, silkworm, pancake and mass. The striped and close-packed structures are the results of plastic deformation, and the dispersed and layered structures are the results of brittle deformation whereas loose contact of different structures was caused mainly by discontinuous dynamic friction (fault stick-slipping). The structures of the micro-nanometer sized grains in coseismic fault gouge caused by the Wenchuan earthquake are the geological records of seismic fault slipping (it is not pseudotachylite), which could be used as an index of paleo-seismic events.