From the City to the Lake: Loadings of PCBs, PBDEs, PAHs and PCMs from Toronto to Lake Ontario
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- 作者：Lisa Melymuk ; Matthew Robson ; Susan A. Csiszar ; Paul A. Helm ; Georgina Kaltenecker ; Sean Backus ; Lisa Bradley ; Beth Gilbert ; Pierrette Blanchard ; Liisa Jantunen ; Miriam L. Diamond
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2014
- 出版时间：April 1, 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：48
- 期：7
- 页码：3732-3741
- 全文大小：375K
- 年卷期：v.48,no.7(April 1, 2014)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Loadings from Toronto, Canada to Lake Ontario were quantified and major sources and pathways were identified, with the goal of informing opportunities for loading reductions. The contaminants were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic musks (PCMs). Loadings were calculated from measured concentrations for three major pathways: atmospheric processes, tributary runoff, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents.
Although atmospheric deposition to the Great Lakes has received the greatest attention, this was the dominant loading pathway for PCBs only (17 卤 5.3 kg/y or 66% of total loadings). PCB loadings reflected elevated urban PCB air concentrations due to, predominantly, primary emissions. These loadings contribute to consumption advisories for nearshore fish. PBDE loadings to the lake, again from mainly primary emissions, were 48% (9.1 卤 1.3 kg/y) and 42% (8.0 卤 5.7 kg/y) via tributaries and WWTPs, respectively, consistent with emissions deposited and subsequently washed-off of urban surfaces and emissions to the sewage system. PAHs loadings of 1600 卤 280 kg/y (71%) from tributaries were strongly associated with vehicle transportation and impervious surfaces. PCM loadings were 83% (卤140 kg/y) from WWTP final effluent, reflecting their use in personal care products.
Opportunities for source reduction lie in reducing the current inventories of in-use PCBs and PBDE-containing products, reducing vehicle emissions of PAHs and use of PAHs in the transportation network (e.g., pavement sealants), and improving wastewater treatment technology.
Although atmospheric deposition to the Great Lakes has received the greatest attention, this was the dominant loading pathway for PCBs only (17 卤 5.3 kg/y or 66% of total loadings). PCB loadings reflected elevated urban PCB air concentrations due to, predominantly, primary emissions. These loadings contribute to consumption advisories for nearshore fish. PBDE loadings to the lake, again from mainly primary emissions, were 48% (9.1 卤 1.3 kg/y) and 42% (8.0 卤 5.7 kg/y) via tributaries and WWTPs, respectively, consistent with emissions deposited and subsequently washed-off of urban surfaces and emissions to the sewage system. PAHs loadings of 1600 卤 280 kg/y (71%) from tributaries were strongly associated with vehicle transportation and impervious surfaces. PCM loadings were 83% (卤140 kg/y) from WWTP final effluent, reflecting their use in personal care products.
Opportunities for source reduction lie in reducing the current inventories of in-use PCBs and PBDE-containing products, reducing vehicle emissions of PAHs and use of PAHs in the transportation network (e.g., pavement sealants), and improving wastewater treatment technology.