Economic and ecological trade-offs of agricultural specialization at different spatial scales

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• 作者：Stephan Klasen^a ; ^{sklasen@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Katrin M. Meyer^b ; ^{kmeyer5@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Claudia Dislich^b ; ^{cdislic@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Michael Euler^c ; ^{michael.euler@agr.uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Heiko Faust^d ; ^{hfaust@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Marcel Gatto^e ; ^{mgatto@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Elisabeth Hettig^b ; ^f ; ^{elisabeth.hettig@giga-hamburg.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Dian N. Melati^g ; ^{dmelati@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; I. Nengah Surati Jaya^h ; ^{ins-jaya@cbn.net.id" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Fenna Otten^d ; ^{fotten1@uni-goettingen.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Cé ; sar Pé ; rez-Cruzado^g ; ^{cperez@gwdg.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Stefanie Steinebachⁱ ; ^{ssteine@gwdg.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Suria Tarigan^j ; ^{surya.tarigan@yahoo.com" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Kerstin Wiegand^b ; ^{mail@kerstin-wiegand.de" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author}
• 关键词：Ecosystem Services ; Economies of Scale ; Indonesia ; Monoculture ; Oil Palm ; Rubber
• 刊名：Ecological Economics
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：122
• 期：Complete
• 页码：111-120
• 全文大小：929 K

文摘

Specialization in agricultural systems can lead to trade-offs between economic gains and ecosystem functions. We suggest and explore a conceptual framework in which economic gains can be maximized when production activities are specialized at increasingly broader scales (from the household to the village, region or above), particularly when markets for outputs and inputs function well. Conversely, more specialization likely reduces biodiversity and significantly limits ecosystem functions. When agricultural specialization increases and moves to broader scales as a result of improved infrastructure and markets or other drivers, ecosystem functions can also be endangered at broader spatial scales. Policies to improve agricultural incomes may influence the level of specialization at different scales and thus affect the severity of the trade-offs. This paper takes Jambi province in Indonesia, a current hotspot of rubber and oil palm monoculture, as a case study to illustrate these issues. We empirically show that the level of specialization differs across scales with higher specialization at household and village levels and higher diversification towards the province level. We discuss ways to resolve trade-offs between economic gains and ecological costs, including landscape design, targeted policies, and adoption of long-term perspectives.