In the lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation of Tarim Basin occur thick strata of interbeded dolostone and limestone, which show a relatively constant petrologic rhythm in Tazhong 19 well: three parts can be observed in every rhythm,the upper part is microlite limestone, middle part is dolostone, and lower part is siliceous granular limestone. The geochemical research on the limestones and dolostones show: 1) compared with limestones, dolostones are enriched in most of trace elements; 2) there are two dolomitization events and the productions are Ba-rich dolostones and Ba-poor dolostones, respectively; and 3) an obvious difference in carbon and oxygen isotope composition was shown between Ba-rich dolostone and Ba-poor dolostone.